A-Level Geography Exam Questions
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Practice Question Directory
55 QuestionsTurn over 11 3 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. The student collected data about the different clast (sediment) size in the Upper layer and Middle layer of glacial till deposits at Aberogwen, North Wales, as part of an investigation about glacial deposition. (i) Complete Figure 3a below by adding the following data for the Upper layer. (1) Clast Size (cm) Number recorded 5.1–7.5 cm 11 15.1–17.5 cm 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Number recorded 0–2.5 2.6–5.0 5.1–7.5 7.6–10.0 10.1–12.5 12.6–15.0 15.1–17.5 17.6–20.0 20.1+ Clast Size (cm) Upper layer Middle layer Figure 3a 12 (ii) The student decided to use a stratified sampling approach to collect their data. State two reasons why this could be an appropriate approach. 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(iii) Suggest one reason why the clast size in the Upper layer is different to that in the Middle layer. 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(iv) The student collected this data to investigate the differences between glacial sediment. Explain two other techniques the student could have used as part of their investigation. 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Turn over 13 (b) You have carried out secondary research to investigate glacial landscapes and change. Assess the value of secondary research in undertaking your geographical investigation. 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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks)
14 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 4, to answer this question. 4 Study Figures 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the contribution of engineering solutions to managing Alaska’s fragile environment. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 16 SECTION C: COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND CHANGE Do not answer Section C (Coastal Landscapes and Change) if you have answered Section B (Glaciated Landscapes and Change) If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) State one factor that affects coastal sediment transport. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) Study Figure 5 in the Resource Booklet, which shows sets of wave frequency data for two locations in Dorset. Calculate the average wave frequency at each location. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. (2) Location A ............................................................. waves/minute Location B ............................................................. waves/minute (ii) Suggest one reason why the wave frequency at the two locations differ. 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Turn over 17 (c) Explain two coastal depositional processes. 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(d) Explain the factors that create an erosional coastline. 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(Total for Question 5 = 28 marks)
20 6 (a) Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet. The student collected data about clast (sediment) size at two sites in Porlock Bay, Somerset, as part of an investigation about coastal deposition. (i) Complete Figure 6a below by adding the following data for Site X. (1) Clast Size (cm) Number recorded 5.1–7.5 13 15.1–17.5 11 Number recorded 0–2.5 2.6–5.0 5.1–7.5 7.6–10.0 10.1–12.5 12.6–15.0 15.1–17.5 17.6–20.0 20.1+ Clast Size (cm) Site X Site Y 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Figure 6a (ii) At both sites, X and Y, the student decided to use a stratified sampling approach to collect their data. State two reasons why this could be an appropriate approach. 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Turn over 21 (iii) Suggest one reason why the clast size at Site X is different to that at Site Y. 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(iv) The student collected this data to investigate changes to coastal sediment. Explain two other techniques the student could have used as part of their investigation. 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Assess the value of secondary research in undertaking your geographical investigation. (9) Geographical enquiry question: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 6 = 18 marks) Turn over 23 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the contribution of hard engineering approaches to managing Venice’s fragile environment. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS Paper Reference Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. 8GE0/01 Tuesday 16 May 2017 – Afternoon Resource Booklet Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscapes Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE P48923A ©2017 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1 *P48923A* Turn over 2 P48923A SECTION A The following resource relates to Question 1. 0 1000 2000 km Pacific Ocean = plate boundary Japan • Magnitude 7.0 • 40 deaths • 2021 injuries • 90 buildings destroyed Ecuador • Magnitude 7.8 • 661 deaths • 6200 injuries • 7000 buildings destroyed N Figure 1 The impact of two earthquakes in April 2016 3 Turn over P48923A SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2–4. Nearer surface (metres/year) Nearer base (metres/year) 29 24 30 21 29 17 28 15 27 12 26 7 26 3 Figure 2 Velocity data for the Athabasca Glacier, a cold-based glacier in Canada 4 P48923A Upper layer Lower layer Middle layer Figure 3 Photo of glacial deposit at Aberogwen, North Wales 5 Turn over P48923A The following resources relate to Question 4. • Oil was discovered in Alaska in 1968 and the Trans-Alaskan pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 to transport oil to the port of Valdez in the south of Alaska. • Alaska’s North Slope has been drilled for oil since 1969, but President Obama banned exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in February 2015. • The ANWR is an area of wilderness established in 1960; key species include caribou, grizzly bear and a variety of migratory birds and fish. • Alaska is tectonically active – earthquakes occurred in 1964 (magnitude 9.2), 1975 (magnitude 7.6), 2002 (magnitude 7.1) and 2014 (magnitude 7.1) along the North American / Pacific plate boundary. Figure 4a Information about oil extraction in Alaska, USA SPORADIC PERMAFROST DISCONTINUOUS PERMAFROST CANADA Alaska, USA CONTINUOUS PERMAFROST *** * * Gulf of Alaska Valdez N North American plate Pacific plate 0 500 km The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has 10bn barrels of oil. No exploitation currently allowed. National border Trans-Alaskan pipeline Plate boundary Direction of movement Caribou migration route Recent earthquake foci Town Arctic National Wildlife Refuge * Alaska North Slope coast Key Figure 4b Map of Alaska 6 P48923A Campaign group to protect the ANWR from being exploited Resident on the North Slope coast, Alaska Governor of Alaska The Gwich’in people are a native Alaskan group who live in the ANWR. They depend on the caribou for most of their food, clothing and survival. Exploitation threatens caribou migration routes. Oil is a good thing and our jobs are now industrial. We’d like companies to use the resources we’ve got but we don’t want the natural environment to be ruined. We are facing a significant economic challenge as we find the money to respond to climate change. 80% of Alaska’s revenue comes from exploiting oil. Figure 4c Different opinions about the Trans-Alaskan pipeline 7 Turn over P48923A An earthquake in 2002 ruptured the Denali Fault, causing the pipeline to slide on the sleepers Sleepers allow up to 6m of horizontal movement and 1.5m vertical movement in an earthquake Bends in the pipeline help counteract seasonal extreme temperature changes Insulated supports prevent permafrost thaw and solifluction caused by heated oil The tundra and taiga vegetation play an important role in maintaining natural water and carbon systems The pipeline sits up to 3m above ground to cross rivers and allow migration of caribou Denali Faultline Figure 4d The engineering design of the Trans-Alaskan pipeline 8 P48923A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. St Alban’s Head Location A Fetch >4,500km Prevailing wind direction 0 0.3 0.6km Location B Fetch 190km N Location A (Waves per minute) Location B (Waves per minute) 16 7 18 8 19 7 17 9 15 6 14 8 15 9 Figure 5 Wave frequency data from two locations on the same day at St Alban’s Head, Dorset (southern England) 9 Turn over P48923A Porlock Bay Gore Point 0 0.5 1km Hurlstone Point N Prevailing wind direction Site X Site Y Figure 6 Map of Porlock Bay, Somerset (southern England) 10 P48923A The following resources relate to Question 7. • Venice became a World Heritage Site in 1987. The city is a site for major works of art and architecture. It is located on islands surrounded by a salt marsh lagoon. • Venice is on the Adriatic Plate which is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. As well as subsiding up to 2–3 mm/year, the city is tilting. Earthquakes, occurred in 2016 (magnitude 3.5), 2012 (magnitude 5.8) and 1976 (magnitude 6.3). • 66,000 people visit Venice every day (many from cruise ships), generating an income for local residents of more than €150 million a year. • The MOSE project will build 79 steel gates across the 3 inlets of Venice’s lagoon. By pumping in air, the gates will rise up and block water surging in at high-tide. Figure 7a Information about coastal management in Venice, Italy Shipping routes Town Venice Chioggia Inlet 0 6 km 3 Lido Inlet Adriatic Plate Shipping routes Venice Airport Venice Lagoon Malamocco Inlet The MOSE project will be installed at the • Lido Inlet • Malamocco Inlet • Chioggia Inlet Vineyards and agricultural land Mestre Chioggia Key N Figure 7b Map of Venice and surrounding Lagoon 11 Turn over P48923A Anti-MOSE Campaign Group Professor of Geography born in Venice Local vineyard owner near Mestre The MOSE project will disrupt the flow of water in and out of the lagoon. This would stop sewage and pollution from being flushed out to sea and threaten breeding grounds for birds. We could spend the money repairing buildings. I’m worried about loss of residents – 50% of Venice’s population have left in the last 50 years because of flooding. Although the MOSE project blocks tidal surges, it does allow shipping to continue. We built small walls in 2002 to stop flooding and we are able to start making wine again. The MOSE barrier is a good hard engineering solution that will protect both the city and Venice Airport. Figure 7c Differing opinions about the MOSE project 12 P48923A Building weight makes subsidence worse. Adriatic Sea Venice Lagoon Global sea-level rise is continuing. If it rises another 20-30cm even these barriers will be insufficient. 79 steel hollow gates lie flat allowing ships to enter the lagoon. During winter and spring high tides, the gates will be pumped full of air and rise up almost every day for 4/5 hours to block water surging into the lagoon. Subduction of the Adriatic Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate is causing the lagoon bed to subside at a rate of 2–3mm/year. Venice and its lagoon are a World Heritage Site containing vulnerable cultural heritage and ecological habitats. Grand Canal Wood piles (Original 16th century) Lagoon bed Raised floor levels Malamocco inlet Figure 7d The MOSE Sea Defence Project, Venice Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
12 3 A student collected fieldwork data on how environmental quality varied with distance from a flagship regeneration scheme in the centre of Birmingham. Study Figure 3 below, which shows a partly completed Spearman‘s rank correlation coefficient test. (a) (i) Complete the statistical test by filling in the table below. (2) Distance from flagship regeneration (metres) Rank distance Environmental Quality Score Rank Environmental Quality Difference between ranks (d) d² 50 1 +4 2 1 1 100 2 +5 1 1 1 150 3 +3 3 0 0 200 4 -1 8 4 16 250 5 +2 4.5 0.5 0.25 300 6 +2 4.5 1.5 2.25 350 7 0 7 0 0 400 8 1 6 450 9 -2 9 0 0 500 10 -4 10 0 0 ∑d² = Figure 3 (ii) The student determined that there was a strong negative correlation between environmental quality score and distance from the flagship regeneration scheme. Explain what is meant by a negative correlation. 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(b) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using oral accounts in fieldwork. 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Disadvantage .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 (c) You have also carried out fieldwork into Regenerating Places. 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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks) Turn over 15 BLANK PAGE
16 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 4, to answer this question. 4 Study Figure 4 in the Resource Booklet. Chile is the major contributor to the global copper market. Evaluate the view that investing in start-up programmes rather than the copper industry is more likely to promote Chile’s future economic development. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 18 SECTION C: DIVERSE PLACES Do not answer Section C (Diverse Places) if you have answered Section B (Regenerating Places). If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Define the term industrialisation. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Study Figure 5 below, which is a dispersion diagram showing fertility rates for selected countries in the European Union in 2013. 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 Live births per woman Figure 5 Turn over 19 (i) Plot the data for Hungary on Figure 5. (1) European Union country Fertility rate Births per woman Hungary 1.35 (ii) Calculate the interquartile range for the completed set of data. (1) Answer = .................................................................................. % (iii) Suggest one reason why fertility rates differ across Europe. 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Turn over 21 (d) For a local place that you have studied, explain why people’s sense of identity has been affected by the demographic and cultural change it has experienced. 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(Total for Question 5 = 28 marks)
24 6 A student collected fieldwork data using an index of ethnic diversity to measure how this changed with distance from the centre of Birmingham. Study Figure 6 below, which shows a partly completed Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test. (a) (i) Complete the statistical test by filling in the table below. (2) Distance from Birmingham CBD (m) Rank distance Index of ethnic diversity score (1-5; higher = more diverse) Rank ethnic diversity Difference between ranks (d) d² 500 1 4.5 2.5 1.5 2.25 1000 2 5 1 1 1 1500 3 4.5 2.5 0.5 0.25 2000 4 4 4 0 0 2500 5 2 7 2 4 3000 6 2.5 6 0 0 3500 7 3 5 4000 8 1.5 8.5 0.5 0.25 4500 9 1.0 10 1 1 5000 10 1.5 8.5 1.5 2.25 ∑d² = Figure 6 (ii) The student determined that there was a strong negative correlation between ethnic diversity and distance from the centre of Birmingham. Explain what is meant by a negative correlation. 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(b) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using oral accounts in fieldwork. 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(Total for Question 6 = 18 marks) Turn over 27 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figure 7 in the Resource Booklet. The creation of Special Economic Zones produces winners and losers. Evaluate the view that the government decision to extend the Special Economic Zone will be good for all the people of Manaus and Amazonas. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Paper Reference 8GE0/02 Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Friday 19 May 2017 – Afternoon Resource Booklet Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 2: Dynamic Places Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE P49119A ©2017 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 *P49119A* Turn over 2 P49119A BLANK PAGE 3 Turn over P49119A SECTION A: GLOBALISATION The following resource relates to Question 1b. 0 15 000 20 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 25 000 10 000 5 000 GNI (PPP) per capita in US $ 1994 2004 2014 South Korea Hungary Brazil China Uganda Figure 1a GNI (PPP) per capita for selected countries between 1994 and 2014 4 P49119A The following resources relate to Question 1e. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Number of members and associate members EU (European Union), 1957 ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations), 1967 MERCOSUR (Common Market of South America), 1991 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association), 1994 EEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 2014 Number of member countries at start Number of member and associate countries in 2016 Trade bloc and date of formation Figure 1b Data on selected trade blocs 5 Turn over P49119A Coffee can only grow in tropical countries, but global consumption is highest in the EU. Vietnam is the second largest producer after Brazil. Green coffee beans (unprocessed) can be exported to the EU without any tariff. If we process coffee by roasting it, when we export it to the EU we have to pay a tariff of 2.6% of the value. The poorest developing countries are exempt, but not us. Figure 1c Comments about trade bloc tariffs by a Vietnamese coffee producer 6 P49119A SECTION B: REGENERATING PLACES The following resources relate to Question 4. Figure 4 Information about the copper industry in Chile and the government’s Start-up programme • Chile, an emerging country in South America, has been heavily dependent on the copper industry for decades and currently this contributes 18% of export earnings. • The government is now trying to stimulate economic growth through an investment programme, ‘Start-up Chile’, to encourage the development of new businesses. • In 2015, the Chilean government invested about $11m in ‘Start-up Chile’ and $600m in Codelco, a copper company. Price of copper from 2006 to 2016 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 US$/tonne Year Chile’s copper industry fact file The copper industry in Chile is dominated by Codelco, a state owned company. Codelco exploits copper reserves and processes the metal for sale globally. It is the largest copper producer in the world, selling about 10% of total global copper, but demand for metals is falling globally. Although Chile’s copper production is currently stable, there has been little growth in recent years. Codelco employs about 20 000 workers directly and another 25 000 are employed indirectly by the company as subcontractors. There has been a gradual decline in Codelco employees and in subcontracted workers since 2010, and 4000 were made redundant in 2015. 7 Turn over P49119A Information about ‘Start-up Chile’, a government initiative that begun in 2010 ‘Start-up Chile’ consists of programmes that seek to encourage applications from entrepreneurs around the world. • So far, more than 1,200 entrepreneurs from 72 countries have graduated from the programme. • Graduates have created 1,500 jobs. More than 200,000 Chileans have benefited from the community outreach initiatives organised by the companies. • At present 17% of those on the programme are women. Although this is low, it is much higher than other similar programmes elsewhere. Businesses funded and supported through the ‘Start-up Chile’ programme KARÜN Manufactures sunglasses using recycled fishing nets found in the Pacific Ocean. The products have been ordered in Chile, Europe and USA. Instrumentl matches women scientists to the best grants in the USA and Latin America for their research. It helps them focus on their science rather than raising funds to support the work. The company is run by seven women and four men, all from Chile. Founded by three women from the USA, it won best Start-up Factory prize in December 2015. 8 P49119A SECTION C: DIVERSE PLACES The following resources relate to Question 7. Figure 7 Information on the population of Manaus, in the state of Amazonas Brazil and the Special Economic Zone (Zona Franca) • Amazonas is a vast state, with a land area 6 times larger than the UK. • 98% of Amazonas was originally covered by rainforest and populated by scattered indigenous groups dependent on hunting and gathering. • Amazonas has a population of about 4 million with half living in Manaus, which has grown very rapidly since the 1970s. • Manaus has been the centre for exploiting resources from Amazonas, which has brought benefits but also challenges to this state. • In 1957, the government established a ‘Zona Franca’ (free zone) in the city. • In common with special economic zones elsewhere in the world, the aim was to attract foreign companies by creating an attractive tax environment and appropriate infrastructure. Indigenous population 0.3% Asian 0.7% Black 3% White 32% Mixed race 64% Ethnic groups in Manaus (2012 Census) Facts about Manaus and the Zona Franca Jobs in Zona Franca 120,000 most of which are in TNCs Indirect jobs in wider city area 500,000 in service and support industries Electronics TNCs in Zona Franca LG, Microsoft, Samsung, Sony Benefits of the Zona Franca Massive reductions in import duties and tax for goods produced and 75% reduction in income tax. Manufacturing costs are 35% less in the Zona Franca than the rest of Brazil. Future for Zona Franca In 2016, Dilma Rousseff, the country’s president, agreed to extend its tax privileges for another 50 years. 9 P49119A Problems in Manaus resulting from the rapid growth of the city • High numbers of internal migrants arrive every year looking for work, but many lack skills required by TNCs, especially the indigenous population. • High rates of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS (increased from 3.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 1994 to 15.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004). • Crime and drugs trade (cocaine) are prevalent, which draw in unemployed and young people. • Very little childcare is available, restricting options for women to work. • Much of the housing for the poor is flooded for up to 50 days a year. • Only 17% of homes in Manaus are connected to the sewage system. • Incomes for White and Asian Brazilians are double those of Mixed race, Black and indigenous people in the city. (Source: © imageBROKER / Alamy Stock Photo) Some indigenous people from the Amazon forest have chosen to move near Manaus to gain income from tourists and foreign business people. Visitors pay around $5 per head for a traditional village experience. Indigenous people remove their usual clothes (flip flops, t-shirts and shorts) and put on grass skirts or loincloths and head dresses for the visitors. The villagers welcome the visitors and the extra income earned has been used for medical care. (Source: © epa european pressphoto agency b.v. / Alamy Stock Photo) Typical housing for the poor in Manaus 10 P49119A BLANK PAGE 11 Turn over P49119A BLANK PAGE 12 P49119A BLANK PAGE Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
12 3 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. A group of students collected data about footpath erosion near Easedale Tarn, a fragile, glaciated landscape in the Lake District. They measured vegetation cover across a transect on: 1. a managed footpath 2. an unmanaged footpath. They presented their findings as two kite diagrams. (i) Identify two impacts of footpath management. (2) 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Suggest one reason why footpath management is necessary in this fragile glaciated landscape. 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(iii) Identify one qualitative method the students might use to compare these two transects. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Turn over 13 (iv) The students also collected data at ten sites along the unmanaged footpath, measuring width at 250-metre intervals away from the car park up a slope. They used this data to test the relationship between the width of the footpath and distance from the car park. Explain how the use of a statistical method would help their investigation about footpath erosion. 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Assess the accuracy and reliability of the primary data that you collected as part of your geographical investigation. 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16 Use your knowledge and understanding from across your course of study, along with the information in Figure 4, to answer this question. 4 Study Figures 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the importance of tectonic processes and weather conditions in creating distinctive glacial landscapes in New Zealand. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS Turn over 19 SECTION C: COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND CHANGE Do not answer Section C (Coastal Landscapes and Change) if you have answered Section B (Glaciated Landscapes and Change). If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) State one process of mass movement that occurs in coastal landscapes. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Study Figure 5 in the Resource Booklet, which shows global sea level changes before and after 1950. (i) Calculate the percentage sea level change between 1950 and 2010. Show your working. (2) ............................... % 20 (ii) Suggest one way in which these changes may affect coastal landscapes. 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(c) Explain two physical reasons why some locations are at risk from coastal flooding. 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Turn over 21 (d) Explain how vegetation helps stabilise sandy coastlines. 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24 6 (a) Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet. A group of students collected data about footpath erosion at Studland Bay, a sand dune coastline in Southern England. They measured vegetation cover across a transect on: 1. a managed footpath 2. an unmanaged footpath. They presented their findings as two kite diagrams. (i) Identify two impacts of footpath management. 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(ii) Suggest one reason why footpath management is necessary in sandy coastal landscapes. 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(iii) Identify one qualitative method the students might use to compare these two transects. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Turn over 25 (iv) The students also collected data at ten sites along the unmanaged footpath, measuring width at 30-metre intervals away from the car park, northwards. They used this data to test the relationship between the width of the footpath and distance from the car park. Explain how the use of a statistical method would help their investigation about footpath erosion. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 (b) You have carried out primary fieldwork to investigate coastal landscapes and change. Assess the accuracy and reliability of the primary data that you collected as part of your geographical investigation. 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28 Use your knowledge and understanding from across your course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the importance of tectonic and marine processes in creating distinctive coastal landscapes in New Zealand. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS 31 BLANK PAGE 32 BLANK PAGE Paper Reference Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Tuesday 15 May 2018 – Afternoon Resource Booklet 8GE0/01 Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscapes P52282A ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 *P52282A* Turn over 2 P52282A SECTION A The following resource relates to Question 1. Total economic damage (US$ Billion) Year 1996 1998 0 50 100 150 200 250 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Figure 1 Total reported economic damage caused by tectonic hazards between 1996 and 2016 3 Turn over P52282A SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2-4. Year 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 5 10 15 millions of km2 Past Predicted Figure 2 Past and predicted changes in the global permafrost area 4 P52282A 0 50% 0% 50% 50% 0% 50% 1 2 Distance across the footpath (m) % vegetation cover in managed area % vegetation cover in unmanaged area 3 4 5 Figure 3 Kite diagrams showing footpath erosion in two areas near Easedale Tarn, Lake District 5 Turn over P52282A The following resources relate to Question 4. • The Southern Alps run south-west to north-east along New Zealand’s South Island; a landscape created by tectonic, weather and glacial processes. • The mountains are formed along the Alpine Fault, a largely conservative plate boundary with the plates moving at least 30mm/year. The plates also move towards each other, with uplift of about 7mm/year, and occasionally, much larger uplift. • The prevailing north-westerly winds (Roaring Forties) deliver extreme weather to the Southern Alps, including very high precipitation (snow/rain) of up to 10,000mm/year. • There are over 3,000 glaciers in the Southern Alps, most of which move rapidly down the very steep slopes to the ocean. Figure 4a Information about the Southern Alps, New Zealand Flow trajectory Meltwater pool on glacier Meltwater tunnel Zone of ablation Equilibrium line Zone of accumulation Snow Meltwater stream Figure 4b A simplified cross-section from Mt. Tasman to the coast 6 P52282A Roaring Forties Pacific Ocean N 100km 2a. Fox Glacier 2b. Fox Valley Australian Plate Pacific Plate 1. Mt. Tasman Key Prevailing winds Alpine Fault Plate movement direction Figure 4c Satellite image of the Southern Alps in winter
7 Turn over P52282A 1. Mt. Tasman: pyramidal peak • Grows in height by 5–10mm/ year due to tectonic uplifting. • Surrounded by cirques, many of which feed valley glaciers. 2a. Fox Glacier • Ice flows downhill up to 7 metres a day. • Causes rapid glacial erosional processes creating new valley landforms. 2b. Lower Fox Valley glacial trough • Subaerial processes (e.g. freeze-thaw) result in freshly weathered rock surfaces and mass movement. • Many complex depositional landforms found on the valley floor. Figure 4d Distinctive landscapes in the Southern Alps 8 P52282A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. -120 1870 1890 1910 1930 Year Global sea level (mm) 1950 1970 1990 -60 0 60 120 180 -120 Global sea level (mm) -60 0 60 120 180 2010 Figure 5 Global sea level changes before and after 1950 9 Turn over P52282A 0 50% 0% 50% 50% 0% 50% 1 2 Distance across the footpath (m) % vegetation cover in managed area % vegetation cover in unmanaged area 3 4 5 Figure 6 Kite diagrams showing footpath erosion in two areas of sand dunes at Studland Bay, Dorset 10 P52282A The following resources relate to Question 7. • The Southern Alps run south-west to north-east along New Zealand’s South Island; a landscape created by tectonic, weather and marine processes. • The mountains are formed along the Alpine Fault, a largely conservative plate boundary with the plates moving at least 30mm/year. The plates also move towards each other, with uplift of about 7mm/year, and occasionally, much larger uplift. • The Cook Strait was partly formed by eustatic sea level rise; the natural gap between the two coastlines funnels powerful winds and tides through the strait. • On some sections of the coast, long-term but also sudden tectonic events create raised beaches and steeper slopes that are vulnerable to mass movement. In other areas, coastal erosion is exposing older rock. Figure 7a Information about the coastal landscape of New Zealand Fossil cliff Raised beach Present beach Current sea level SEA Figure 7b A simplified cross-section of Turakirae Head 11 Turn over P52282A Sediment transported by powerful tidal flow and strong prevailing NW winds North Island Australian Plate 2. Cook Strait South Island Pacific Plate 1. Turakirae Head 3. Punakaiki Rocks N 100km Roaring Forties Key Prevailing winds Alpine Fault Plate movement direction Figure 7c Satellite image of part of North and South Islands, New Zealand
12 P52282A 1. Turakirae Head raised beach and fossil cliff • Successive earthquakes have caused sudden uplift of the beach level (e.g. 2.5 metres in 1855). • Mass movement processes have left ridges of large boulders. 2. Cook Strait • Mainly steep cliffs are battered by the Roaring Forties with a fetch of over 2,000km producing wave heights frequently over 5m and tidal flows approximately every 6-8 hours. • Erosional processes have eroded cliffs on average 1-2 metres/year. 3. Punakaiki Rocks • Less jointed limestone forms stacks, raised up by tectonic processes. Figure 7d Distinctive landscapes along New Zealand’s coastline 13 P52282A BLANK PAGE 14 P52282A BLANK PAGE 15 P52282A BLANK PAGE 16 P52282A Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 4a - Source from: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=67355 Figure 4d - © Fergus Murray Source from: http://www.fergusmurraysculpture.com/new-zealand/southern-alps-and-glaciers-9-pages/ ii-the-geomorphology-of-the-fox-glacier-region/ Source from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Fox_Glacier_NZ_2.jpg Figure 7b - © Lloyd Homer, GNS Science Ltd.) Figure 7c - Source from: http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/50000/50555/ NewZealand_amo_2011119.jpg Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Images used within this paper may be from www.clipart.com. BLANK PAGE
12 3 Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet showing Chapeltown, near Sheffield, UK, which has undergone economic change. Students collected data in this town on one day in November 2016 to investigate the changes. (a) (i) Identify the building at location 352967. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) State the 6-digit grid reference for the mast south-east of Mortomley. (1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) The students started at the roundabout on the B6546, in Chapeltown. Each group collected data every 200m as they walked along one of the roads. Identify the sampling method they used. (1) A random B qualitative C systematic D stratified (iv) Explain two data collection techniques that could be used at the sampling points to investigate urban change. 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Turn over 13 (b) Identify two hazards that should be included in a risk assessment for fieldwork in an urban location. 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(c) You have collected data during your fieldwork relating to Regenerating Places. You then used a number of data presentation methods. Assess how effective these were in showing the results of your fieldwork. 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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks) Turn over 15 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 4 to answer this question. 4 Study Figures 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d in the Resource Booklet. Swansea faces many challenges. Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies shown in meeting these. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 18 SECTION C: DIVERSE PLACES Do not answer Section C (Diverse Places) if you have answered Section B (Regenerating Places). If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Which of the following is likely to increase population density? (1) A Higher fertility rate than death rate B Lower birth rate than death rate C Higher death rate than fertility rate D High levels of out-migration (b) Study Figure 5 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Calculate the length of the railway which runs alongside the proposed development. (1) ............................................................................................. m (ii) Identify the approximate area of the proposed development. (1) A 2,500 m2 B 10,000 m2 C 30,000 m2 D 75,000 m2 Turn over 19 (iii) Suggest one reason local people may object to this development. 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(c) Explain two changes to UK culture as a result of migration from the European Union (EU). 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Turn over 21 (e) Assess whether the cultural characteristics of your local place and contrasting place are the result of global influences. 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Turn over 23 6 Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet showing Chapeltown, near Sheffield, UK, which has experienced significant change in recent years. Students collected data in this town on one day in November 2016 to investigate the changes. (a) (i) Identify the building at location 352967. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) State the 6-digit grid reference for the mast south-east of Mortomley. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) The students started at the roundabout on the B6546, in Chapeltown. Each group collected data every 200m as they walked along one of the roads. Identify the sampling method they used. (1) A random B qualitative C systematic D stratified (iv) Explain two data collection techniques that could be used at the sampling points to investigate urban deprivation. (4) 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... . 24 (b) Identify two hazards that should be included in a risk assessment for fieldwork in an urban location. 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(c) You have collected data during your fieldwork relating to Diverse Places. You then used a number of data presentation methods. Assess how effective these were in showing the results of your fieldwork. (9) Research question: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... . .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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26 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 7 to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Rhyl faces many challenges. Evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies shown in meeting these. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS Paper Reference Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Thursday 24 May 2018 – Morning Resource Booklet 8GE0/02 Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 2: Dynamic Places P52283A ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 *P52283A* Turn over 2 P52283A SECTION A The following resources relate to Question 1. 0-250 251-500 501-1000 Over 1000 US$ billion Figure 1a Volume of total trade in goods for each country in 2014 3 Turn over P52283A 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1995 2004 2014 US$ billion Year Japan China Germany United States Key (Source: © World Trade Organization 2017) Figure 1b World’s top exporters of goods 1995-2014 4 P52283A SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 2. New runway M4 M25 Harmondsworth Sipson Longford 0 0.25 0.5 1km N Proposed airport expansion line Current airport Farmland Village New M25 tunnel 0.75 (Source: © Crown copyright) Figure 2 Proposed expansion at Heathrow Airport 5 Turn over P52283A The following resource relates to Question 3. Figure 3 Ordnance Survey map showing Chapeltown, near Sheffield, UK 6 P52283A The following resources relate to Question 4. Information about Swansea, south Wales • Swansea was important for metal processing and exporting local coal until the mid- 20th century • Much industry declined due to competition from abroad, leaving contaminated land and water • Parts of the area have been redeveloped but other parts are still environmentally damaged • A range of strategies are under consideration by the local council to help improve the environment, although these are dependent on European Union (EU) grant funding Figure 4a Industrial change in Swansea Population has been growing since 2002. Swansea's population in 2016 was 242,000 About 1,000 people have arrived per year from outside the city 289 brownfield sites are still contaminated by past industry These require considerable expenditure to remove toxic compounds, which are still polluting the River Tawe Air quality is decreasing There has been a 13% growth in car ownership since 2001 Parts of the coastline remain heavily polluted Old industrial sites are still discharging contaminated water into Swansea Bay Recent growth in business and population This results in traffic congestion, air pollution and a shortage of housing Figure 4b Challenges faced by Swansea 7 Turn over P52283A (Source: © Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix / Alamy Stock Photo) (Source: © Commission Air / Alamy Stock Photo) Figure 4c Derelict factory site in 1960 and Meridian Tower waterfront development in 2008 Park and ride • There are 2 park and ride routes in Swansea • A third route had to close in 2016 as it was losing £250,000 per year Dawnus, a Welsh construction TNC has signed up to “WRAP” (Waste and Resource Action Plan) • Dawnus has committed to halving its waste to landfill • For example, waste concrete is now used in road building • Other companies are being encouraged to join too City Council and not-for-profit groups are working to improve the image of the city and coastline • Now there are 4 “Blue Flag” beaches in the Swansea area and marine sports facilities • Total contribution of tourism to the economy rose to £400m in 2015, when 4.56m people visited Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Project • Projected cost £1.3bn • It will generate renewable energy for 150,000 homes from tidal power • Hopes to attract tourists to city to see the project Figure 4d Some strategies used and planned to manage environmental challenges in Swansea 8 P52283A SECTION C The following resource relates to Question 5. Ovalhouse arts and cultural facility Existing housing Three-storey townhouses Tree Proposed development Five-storey apartments Railway Key N Communal gardens 0 50 100m • Site currently includes a temporary school, council depot, warehouses and a thriving community centre. The community in the area surrounding the development includes long-term residents and recent arrivals. • The development proposes 304 new dwellings (50% affordable housing), a community theatre and retail outlets. Figure 5 Somerleyton Road development, Brixton, inner city London 9 Turn over P52283A The following resource relates to Question 6. Figure 6 Ordnance Survey map showing Chapeltown, near Sheffield, UK 10 P52283A The following resources relate to Question 7. Information about Rhyl, north Wales • Rhyl was a popular seaside resort from Victorian times, helped by railway links to Manchester and Liverpool • The pier, Ocean Beach Funfair and Suncentre (leisure centre and pool) have all closed since the 1970s • Visitor numbers have declined as tourists choose low-cost destinations abroad • Rhyl struggles with numerous problems linked to long-lasting poverty Figure 7a Deprivation in Rhyl Rhyl’s popuation is falling 25,149 in 2011 Rhyl had the highest crime rate in Wales in 2014 In 2014 there were 471 crimes per 1000 people (including antisocial behaviour: 199, violent crimes: 78) Large numbers of people have only basic skills and no qualifications Unemployment is 67% in parts of Rhyl Education: most 11-16 year olds attend Rhyl High School The school was placed in “Special Measures” (worst level) in 2008 but in 2014 was rated “Good” (second highest) Disproportionate number of elderly people in the town Some parts of the town have above average numbers of people aged over 65 Figure 7b Challenges faced by Rhyl 11 Turn over P52283A 1 1 1 61 5 666 1379 3 1 Rank for West Rhyl Key Employment Income Health Education Housing Environment Services Safety MOST DEPRIVED LEAST DEPRIVED Ranked 2nd most deprived area of Wales out of 1909 neighbourhoods Figure 7c Overall deprivation from Welsh Index for West Rhyl 12 P52283A The council has a vision to find “realistic and achievable” actions by 2020 Denbighshire Families First is run by the local council as a support network for local people Rhyl Food Bank run by a local church with donations from the community Superfast broadband to be installed in “hard to reach” locations, funded by £80m from the European Union (EU), Welsh and UK Governments • Improve housing , the railway station and hospital • Restructure the economy with new jobs in the harbour and new attractions • Improve the town centre to encourage more visitors • Encourage a sense of pride locally and the reputation of Rhyl in the wider area • Teaches parenting skills, to help families manage a child’s/young person’s behaviour • Offers support for relationship problems or family conflict • Offers advice for families and young people aged 11-25 • Users are given emergency food parcels and advice on healthy eating • Rhyl Food Bank offers “a hand up not a hand out” • 614,000 homes and businesses have already been connected • Another 100,000 should be connected in 2017 Figure 7d Some strategies used and planned to manage social challenges in Rhyl Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 5 - Source from: http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2014/01/future-brixton-somerleyton-road-meeting- discusses-the-redevelopment-finances/ Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
2 SECTION A: GLOBALISATION / SUPERPOWERS Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Explain one reason why the global shift of industry has had negative impacts on some people in the developed world. 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(b) Assess the view that globalisation inevitably damages the physical environment. 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4 2 (a) Study Figure 1. (i) Complete the table by filling in the four blank boxes in the final two rows. (4) Brazil China India Russia South Africa Population (million) 208 1,371 1,311 144 55 Rank 3 1 2 4 5 Weighted rank (Rank x1) 3 1 2 4 5 GDP per capita ($) 8,500 8,027 1,598 9,092 5,724 Rank 2 3 5 1 4 Weighted rank (Rank x2) 4 6 10 2 8 Military spending ($ billion) 25 215 51 66 3 Rank 4 1 3 2 5 Weighted rank (Rank x1) 4 1 3 2 5 % of population with access to improved sanitation 83 77 40 76 66 Rank 1 2 5 3 4 Weighted rank (Rank x1) 1 2 5 3 4 Number of films produced in country 35 610 1900 14 19 Rank 3 2 1 5 4 Weighted rank (Rank x0.5) 1.5 1 2 Overall score 13.5 20.5 13.5 Ranks are from 1 – 5, where 1 is the highest and 5 is the lowest. Figure 1 A table comparing emerging powers using selected data, with weighted ranks, for 2015 Turn over 5 (ii) Assess the view that Figure 1 gives an accurate summary of the relative strength of these emerging powers. 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(Total for Question 2 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 32 MARKS Turn over 7 SECTION B: SHAPING PLACES Answer ONE question in this section – either Question 3 OR Question 4. Indicate which question you are answering by marking a cross in the box . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new question with a cross . If you answer Question 3 put a cross in the box . Regenerating Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 3 (a) Study Figure 2 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one way the writer of the blog presents a negative view of this attempt at regeneration. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 (ii) Suggest reasons why perceptions may vary in cities, such as Hull, about the success of regeneration. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Turn over 9 (b) With reference to a named example, explain the limitations of the strategies used to regenerate a rural place. (6) Named rural place: ............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 (c) For your local place and your contrasting place, evaluate the view that low income is the most important factor leading to deprivation. (20) Location of your local place ............................................................................................................................ Location of your contrasting place ............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 3 = 35 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 35 MARKS Turn over 13 Do not answer Question 4 if you have answered Question 3 If you answer Question 4 put a cross in the box . Diverse Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 4 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one way the writer of the blog presents a negative view of her life in inner-city London. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 (ii) Suggest reasons why perceptions of living in an inner-city area, such as in London, may vary. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Turn over 15 (b) With reference to a named example, explain why people have different opinions about rural living spaces. (6) Named rural place: ............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 (c) For your local place and your contrasting place, evaluate the view that international migration has an important impact on their population characteristics. (20) Location of your local place ............................................................................................................................ Location of your contrasting place ............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 4 = 35 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 35 MARKS Turn over 19 SECTION C: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONNECTIONS Answer ONE question in this section – either Question 5 OR Question 6. If you answer Question 5 put a cross in the box . Health, Human Rights and Intervention You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Explain one reason why attitudes to gender equality in education vary greatly between countries. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 (b) Study Figure 4 in the Resource Booklet. Suggest how the postage stamp shows that human rights have become important in international agreements. 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Turn over 21 (c) Explain how development aid can be used to improve human rights. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 (d) Evaluate the view that economic development always has negative consequences for minority groups. 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(Total for Question 5 = 38 marks) Turn over 25 Do not answer Question 6 if you have answered Question 5. If you answer Question 6 put a cross in the box . Migration, Identity and Sovereignty You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 6 (a) Explain one way in which physical geography determines national borders. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 (b) Study Figure 5 in the Resource Booklet. Suggest how the postage stamp shows that IGOs have become important in managing global environmental issues. 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Turn over 27 (c) Explain why the movement of labour is unrestricted within many countries. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 (d) Evaluate the view that national identity is easier to define for some countries than for others. 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(Total for Question 6 = 38 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 38 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 105 MARKS 31 BLANK PAGE 32 BLANK PAGE Geography Advanced Paper 2 Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. 9GE0/02 Paper Reference Friday 8 June 2018 – Afternoon Resource Booklet Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE P52368A ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1 *P52368A* Turn over 2 P52368A SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 3. “The City of Culture thing is under way. The year is financed by ‘partners’ like Siemens, who get to choose the new artwork in the middle of town. This large, German TNC makes wind turbines in an old dock out in east Hull and being a major sponsor, (sorry ‘partner’), they get to plonk, (sorry, ‘tastefully place’) bits of their product in the town square. Oh to be sure it’s officially a sculpture by the name of ‘The Blade’, but anyone can see this is just product placement advertising their company! I won’t bore you with statistics of size and weight since I know you won’t be impressed, let’s just say it’s big and ugly … And you certainly don’t want to know how it got here, let’s just say the fairies left it overnight. The locals, however, seem pleased with their gift and go up to it and touch it as if it wasn’t real. All very odd, still if it keeps them happy I suppose it does no harm … so much for regeneration!” Figure 2 Blog about the regeneration of Hull, through its year as City of Culture 2017 3 Turn over P52368A The following resource relates to Question 4. “ The landlord never got round to fixing my heating and hot water so the damp got worse. The children all have terrible coughs from the damp and it is freezing at this time of year. In the end a group of my friends paid for someone to come round. He found rat droppings behind the kitchen cabinets and said it was one of the worst infestations he had ever seen. The wires to the boiler had been eaten through! We are using plug-in heaters that my friends lent me, but these use a lot of my benefit money. We go and wash our clothes at my best friend’s house. I have phoned the landlord but she never actually does anything. I came to this country to keep my children safe. Sometimes I wonder if it was the right decision. At least they get to go to school and get a free meal.“ Figure 3 Blog from a refugee mother living in inner-city London (as dictated to a support worker) 4 P52368A The following resource relates to Question 5b. Figure 4 A postage stamp from 2008 celebrating the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 5 P52368A The following resource relates to Question 6b. Figure 5 A postage stamp from 1981 celebrating the Antarctic Treaty established by an International Government Organisation (IGO) 6 P52368A BLANK PAGE 7 P52368A BLANK PAGE 8 P52368A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 2 - Source from: http://hullvalley.blogspot.co.uk/search?updated-max=2017-01-14T15:02:00Z&max- results=7&start=7&by-date=false Image - Radio Yorkshire - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hyJi9gmytI Figure 3 - Source from: https://diaryofarefugeemother.wordpress.com/ Image - ian west / Alamy Stock Photo Figure 4 - By Permission of istampgallery.com Figure 5 - Source from: http://kayatana.com/ Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
4 2 (a) Table 1 below shows data for the 10 countries of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in 2013. Complete the table below and calculate the GDP per capita (per person) for the ASEAN free trade bloc. Show your working in the space provided below the table. (4) Countries Size of economy GDP (US$ billions) Population (millions) GDP per capita (US$) Brunei 16.2 0.4 40 500 Cambodia 16.2 15.2 1 066 Indonesia 868.4 250.8 3 462 Laos 11.0 6.8 1 617 Malaysia 313.2 29.7 10 545 Myanmar 44.9 62.0 724 Philippines 272.1 98.4 2 765 Singapore 297.9 5.4 55 167 Thailand 67.0 5 781 Vietnam 170.6 89.7 1 902 ASEAN (total) Table 1 Economic and population data for the 10 ASEAN countries Turn over 5 (b) Explain why the GDP per capita for the ASEAN free trade bloc may be a misleading statistic. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)
6 3 Study Table 1 on Page 4 of the Question Paper and Figure 2 in Section A of the Resource Booklet, both of which show data for the 10 ASEAN countries. Analyse the differences in their social, economic and political development. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks) Turn over 7 4 Study Figure 3 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the varied level of interconnectedness within the ASEAN free trade bloc. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks) 8 5 Study Section B and Section C of the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the role of superpowers in the development of the Southeast Asian region. 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(Total for Question 5 = 18 marks) Turn over 11 You should have read the whole of the Resource Booklet, including Section D, before attempting this question. 6 Evaluate the view that climate change and natural hazards pose the most serious threat to the economic, social and political stability of Southeast Asia. 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(Total for Question 6 = 24 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS 14 BLANK PAGE 15 BLANK PAGE 16 BLANK PAGE Paper Reference 9GE0/03 Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Thursday 14 June 2018 – Afternoon Resource Booklet Geography Advanced Paper 3 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE P52373A ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1 *P52373A* Turn over 2 P52373A Contrasts and challenges in Southeast Asia SECTION A ASEAN – A free trade bloc ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a free trade bloc that was formed in 1967. The founder members were Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The aims were to: • Improve economic growth through greater integration of their economies • Encourage social progress through improvements in education and health provision • Improve regional security • Provide a mechanism for resolving regional disputes. Since its foundation it has expanded, adding Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) and Vietnam to its membership. Also, it has broadened its aims to include: • Protection of the environment • Acting as a counterbalance to neighbouring superpowers, China and India • A possible movement towards a common currency similar to the Euro. Indonesia Singapore Brunei Philippines Cambodia Laos Taiwan Japan North Korea South Korea Vietnam Malaysia Thailand Myanmar India China Russia Australia Figure 1 The location of the ASEAN member states 3 Turn over P52373A The member states of ASEAN have complex histories with frontiers largely established in colonial times and often unrelated to ethnic, geographic or historic divisions. With significant physical barriers both between states and within them, there has been little regional unity. In fact, there is a long history of disputes between the states which has continued until now, despite membership of ASEAN. There are significant social, economic and political differences between the 10 member states. CAM 5.8 INO 5.8 LAO 4.6 MAL 9.5 ASEAN countries World average (7.6) MYA 4.6 PHI 8.9 SIN 10.1 THA 6.6 VIE 5.5 BRU 8.6 EDUCATION Years of schooling CAM 63.6 INO 69.8 LAO 67.8 MAL 74.5 ASEAN countries World average (70.1) MYA 65.7 PHI 69.0 SIN 81.2 THA 74.3 VIE 75.4 BRU 78.1 HEALTH Life expectancy CAM 15.5 INO 31.0 LAO 18.3 MAL 66.2 ASEAN countries World average (46.7) MYA 4.2 PHI 34.7 SIN 93.4 THA 48.4 VIE 38.5 BRU 77.9 GOVERNANCE/RULE OF LAW Higher scores = Stronger governance and rule of law BRU = Brunei CAM = Cambodia INO = Indonesia LAO = Laos MAL = Malaysia MYA = Myanmar PHI = Philippines SIN = Singapore THA = Thailand VIE = Vietnam Key to countries Figure 2 Selected social and political data for the ASEAN countries 4 P52373A • Globalisation (as measured by the KOF index) varies from Singapore which ranks 6th to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, that are amongst the least globalised states in the world. • Corruption, as measured by the Index of Perceived Corruption, is equally diverse with Singapore, once again, topping the list having very low levels of corruption whilst, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam are amongst the most corrupt states in the world. • In all 10 ASEAN countries, the GINI coefficient for both income and wealth inequalities are high (between 0.34 in Laos to 0.45 in Singapore), and rising year by year. • There are also significant economic and social variations within most member states with urban areas growing rapidly at between 2% and 5% per year. • Today, an estimated 45.8% of the region’s population live in urban areas. In 1950, this was only 15.4%. • Urbanisation rates are rapid as rural economies change from subsistence farming to more commercial agriculture. • Port cities; Singapore, Manila (Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand), Jakarta (Indonesia), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) and Hanoi (Vietnam), connected to global markets, are especially important and have become major economic centres. 5 Turn over P52373A Recent improvements in infrastructure have begun to improve connectivity between these very diverse economies. Funding from IGOs, including the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), has improved interconnections and interdependencies have grown. Other significant investors include the two ‘local superpowers’, India and China. These are engaged in planning a rare co-operative venture in establishing the BCIM (Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar) multimodal corridor between India and China linking the Indian to the Pacific Ocean by road, rail and telecommunications. Nonetheless some areas remain ‘switched off’ and poorly connected. Kilometres N Spratly Islands Figure 3 Interconnections between the ASEAN countries 6 P52373A SECTION B Trade Matters The members of ASEAN have established trade without tariffs both within their trade bloc and with significant regional neighbours, most notably China. Others 21.70% Intra-ASEAN 24.20% Australia and New Zealand 3.10% Canada 0.50% China 14.00% EU 9.80% India 2.70% Japan 9.60% South Korea 5.40% Russia 0.80% USA 8.20% Figure 4 The trading partners of the ASEAN free trade bloc • The level of intra-ASEAN trade (trade between members of ASEAN) is relatively low when compared with other trading blocs – for example intra-EU trade is over 70% of their total trade. • There is also variation from country to country both in the direction of trade and the goods traded (see Figure 5). 7 Turn over P52373A 1 2 3 4 5 Brunei Japan ASEAN South Korea China EU Cambodia ASEAN China USA EU Japan Indonesia ASEAN Japan China EU South Korea Laos ASEAN China EU Japan South Korea Malaysia ASEAN China Japan EU USA Myanmar ASEAN China Japan India South Korea Philippines ASEAN Japan USA China EU Singapore ASEAN EU China USA Japan Thailand ASEAN Japan China EU USA Vietnam China ASEAN EU Japan USA Figure 5 The five most important trading partners of individual ASEAN members 8 P52373A Brunei 0.70% Cambodia 1.00% Indonesia 15.20% Laos 0.30% Malaysia 10.00% Myanmar 2.10% Philippines 3.20% Singapore 49.60% Thailand 10.60% Vietnam 7.30% Figure 6 The share of Foreign Direct Investment received by individual ASEAN member countries 9 Turn over P52373A 3.14% Japan 0.00% 0.50% Other Asian countries ASEAN Countries 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% 2.50% 3.00% 3.50% 2.77% South Korea 2.04% Singapore 1.09% China 0.72% India 0.50% Malaysia 0.19% Vietnam 0.12% Philippines 0.08% Myanmar 0.07% Indonesia 0.05% Cambodia 0.04% Laos 0.02% Brunei 0.20% Thailand Figure 7 Average expenditure on Research and Development as a % of GDP for ASEAN countries and selected others 10 P52373A SECTION C Superpower issues • The South China Sea is one of the busiest in the world but also one of the most contested. • China claims possession of two groups of islands ownership of which, under international maritime law, gives control of the waters around them but this claim is disputed by several ASEAN members and the USA, and was rejected by the international courts. • Since 1995, joint naval exercises have been conducted annually between the USA and seven out of the ten ASEAN members. • There is tension between China, ASEAN members and the USA, not least because over $6 trillion of trade is shipped across this sea but also because of the potential for huge oil and gas finds in its shallow waters. • For some, this is the most serious global ‘hotspot’ and poses a real threat for world peace. 11 Turn over P52373A N 0 500 km Capital city Figure 8 The contested South China Sea 12 P52373A SECTION D Environmental challenges: past, present and future • Southeast Asia is exposed to almost all types of natural hazards. • In recent years, major disasters have included the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004, Cyclone Nargis in 2008, the Luzon Earthquake in 2009 and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. • Southeast Asia is highly vulnerable to natural hazards because: 1. a large proportion of the population and economic activity is concentrated in lowland areas and along coastlines 2. the region is heavily reliant on agriculture for livelihoods 3. there is a high dependence on natural resources and forestry 4. the level of extreme poverty remains high. Country Earthquake Flood Landslide Drought Storm (Typhoon/ Cyclone) Volcano Forest fire Tsunami Brunei X X X X X X Cambodia X XXX X XX X X Indonesia XXX XXX XXX XX XX XXX XX XXX Laos X XXX XX XX XX X X Malaysia X XXX XX X X XX X Myanmar XX XXX XX XX XXX X X Philippines XXX XXX XXX XX XXX XX X X Singapore X XX X Thailand X XXX XX XX XX X X Vietnam X XXX XX XX XXX X X XXX = High Risk XX = Moderate Risk X = Low Risk Figure 9 Disaster matrix for the ASEAN countries 13 P52373A • The vulnerability to, and impact of, climate change is a major concern to ASEAN both because of its direct impact in terms of sea-level rise but also the strong likelihood that it will increase the risk of disasters. • A study carried out by Asian Development Bank (ADB) revealed that the mean temperature in the region increased by 0.3° Celsius per decade between 1951 and 2010 whilst precipitation has fallen and sea levels have risen 1 to 3 mm per year. • The same study projects a 4.8° rise in mean annual temperature and a 700 mm rise in mean sea level by 2100. • A rise in sea level would result in major problems for many of ASEAN’s large coastal cities, such as Jakarta, Bangkok and Manila. • Heat waves, droughts, floods and tropical cyclones have also become more intense and more frequent. • Projections of economic losses include a decline in rice yield potential of up to 50% by 2100 and a loss of 6.7% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year until the end of this century. 0.00 - 0.06 0.07 - 0.11 0.12 - 0.15 0.16 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.25 0.26 - 0.31 0.32 - 0.39 0.40 - 0.49 0.50 - 0.66 0.67 - 1.00 Climate Change Vulnerability Myanmar Singapore Malaysia Indonesia Brunei Low High N Kilometres Figure 10 Climate Change Vulnerability across the ASEAN region (no data available for Myanmar) 14 P52373A BLANK PAGE 15 P52373A BLANK PAGE 16 P52373A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1 - Sourced from: http://www.seawapa.co/2013/01/asian-economic-community-by-2015.html Figure 3 - Sourced from: https://www.paragkhanna.com/home/2016/4/1/asean-map Figure 8 - U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of State, Middlebury College, National Geographic Figure 10 - Sourced from: https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/sp/Documents%20EN/climate-change-vulnerability- mapping-sa.pdf Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
12 3 (a) Study Figure 3a below. A group of students used secondary data about cirque/corrie orientation in Snowdonia, North Wales, as part of an investigation about ice flow direction. N S E W Orientation 0°–89° Orientation 90°–179° Orientation 180°–269° Orientation 270°–360° Number of cirques/corries 24 6 5 13 Figure 3a (i) State one reason for studying cirque/corrie orientation. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Turn over 13 Study Figure 3b below The students carried out a Chi2 test to determine if there was any pattern in the distribution of corrie orientation. The formula for Chi2 (X 2) is: N S E W Orientation 0°–89° Orientation 90°–179° Orientation 180°–269° Orientation 270°–360° Observed (O) 24 6 5 13 Expected (E) 12 12 12 12 (O − E)² 144 36 1 (O − E)²/E 12 3 4.1 0.08 Figure 3b (ii) Complete the table above by calculating the missing number in the Orientation 180° – 269° column. (1) (iii) Calculate the value of Chi2 (X 2) from the data given. (1) Chi2 (X 2) = ............................... 14 (iv) Suggest one reason for carrying out a Chi2 (X 2) test on this data set. 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(v) Explain two primary fieldwork methods that might have been used to extend this investigation on ice flow direction. 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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks) Turn over 17 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 4, to answer this question. 4 Study Figure 4a and Figure 4b in the Resource Booklet. The Swiss Alps glaciated landscape faces many threats. Evaluate the effectiveness of the management strategies shown. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 20 SECTION C: COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND CHANGE Do not answer Section C (Coastal Landscapes and Change) if you have answered Section B (Glaciated Landscapes and Change). Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross . If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Identify the factor which affects the direction of coastal sediment movement. (1) A Wave type B Longshore drift C Sediment cell D Sediment shape (b) Complete A and B in Figure 5a below. (2) River Eroding sea cliffs Rip current Offshore ridge Key: = A ....................................................................................................................................... = B ........................................................................................................................................ = Sediment sink Figure 5a Coastal sediment system Turn over 21 Study Figure 5b in the Resource Booklet. (c) Suggest one reason for the cliff collapse. 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(d) Explain two processes of weathering on a coastline. 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Turn over 23 (f) Assess the importance of longer term sea-level change in explaining the risks at different coastlines. 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Turn over 25 6 (a) Study Figure 6a below. A group of students used data about sediment size, from samples taken from four sites along the south coast of England, as part of an investigation about spit formation. Beach site Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Number of pebbles > 5mm 27 20 12 5 Figure 6a (i) State one reason for studying sediment size. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Study Figure 6b below. The students carried out a Chi2 test to determine if there was any pattern in the distribution of pebble sizes > 5mm. The formula for Chi2 (X 2) is: Beach site Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Observed (O) 28 20 11 5 Expected (E) 16 16 16 16 (O − E)2 144 16 121 (O − E)²/E 9 1 1.6 7.6 Figure 6b (ii) Complete the table above by calculating the missing number in the Site 3 column. (1) (iii) Calculate the value of Chi2 (X 2) for the data given. (1) Chi2 (X 2) = ............................... Turn over 27 (iv) Suggest one reason for carrying out a Chi2 (X 2) test on this data set. 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30 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figure 7a and Figure 7b in the Resource Booklet. The coastal landscape of Aqaba, Jordan, faces many threats. Evaluate the effectiveness of the management strategies shown. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS *P56585A* Turn over Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Tuesday 14 May 2019 P56585A ©2019 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscape Paper Reference 8GE0/01 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P56585A SECTION A The following resources relate to Question 1. N N 6 February 2016 Magnitude 6.4 13 November 2016 Magnitude 6.4 0 135km 0 135km Intensity/ Shaking = Epicentre (any colour) = Location where ground shaking was reported Weak Light Moderate Strong Very strong Key Figure 1a Reported ground shaking after two earthquakes in Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean 3 Turn over P56585A Mount Tambora, Indonesia 1815 (VEI 7) • Tsunami wave travelled 500 km • Global temperatures reduced by 1–2 °C • 60,000–120,000 estimated deaths from effects of the eruption Mount Pinatubo, Philippines 1991 (VEI 6) • 300–800 deaths and 96,000 hectares of land damaged by ash fall • $250m of damage to farmland and forestry due to pyroclastic flows • 0 deaths from climate effects of 0.5 °C temperature reduction Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland 2010 (VEI 4) • 100,000 flight cancellations affected international trade and tourism • Airline losses of >$1.4bn • Kenyan economy losses of > $3.8m as flowers and vegetables could not be exported by air Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 (VEI 4) • 19 deaths by pyroclastic flows • Capital city, Plymouth, destroyed by lava flows and ash • 60% of the island’s residents left for nearby islands or UK Figure 1b A simplified interpretation of the areal extent of volcanic eruptions, and actual data on 4 volcanic disasters 4 P56585A SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2–4. Figure 2b An avalanche in the French Alps 5 Turn over P56585A The following resources relate to Question 4. Figure 4: Information about the Swiss Alps, Europe • The Swiss Alps are fold-mountains formed by uplift along a collision plate boundary separating the European and Adriatic plates. There are 500–800 earthquakes a year, but most are too small to be reported. • The Swiss Alps are a multi-use location. A number of glaciated valleys have hydro-electric power (HEP) dams and reservoirs. Tourism, especially skiing, is highly important economically and dependent on a modern transport infrastructure. • The high Alpine environment is still glaciated after the main advance of 18,000 years ago, which left a dramatic landscape dominated by 63 glaciers, most of which are retreating. • The environment is very dynamic with both tectonic activity and climate change contributing to mudflows, glacial retreat and an increase in the number of avalanches, all of which threaten the tourist industry. Flocon Vert (Green Snowflake) initiative supports the use of low-energy systems, e.g. hybrid buses, by ski resorts The Gotthard Base Tunnel has reduced travel time as freight is being moved by rail instead of road Alpine Convention management strategies used in the Swiss Alps Waste construction material is used to protect Alpine villages from noise, as well as potential avalanches Seismic sensors in the slopes automatically trigger concrete barriers and close roads Figure 4a Management strategies used in the Swiss Alps 6 P56585A 0 50km N The Gotthard Base Tunnel • CO2 emissions from road freight and passenger transport caused air pollution. • World's deepest tunnel opened in 2016 to reduce this. • Steel and reinforced concrete used to protect workers and safeguard the tunnel from seismic movement. First Cliff Walk in Grindelwald • A unique, scenic attraction that helps tourists appreciate the valleys and waterfalls of the Alps. • Cliff walks help connect Swiss Alpine villages on remote mountain sides. • Locals are concerned that the landscape, used to inspire many films, now features a Chinese buffet restaurant. Earthquake magnitude 1 2 3 4 Lake Bondo village mudflow • In 2017, mudflows swept 8 people away. • Melting ice is causing glacial lakes to overflow. • Melting snow and ice fields threaten the tourist industry. • 120 million people visit Switzerland annually. Figure 4b Threats to Swiss Alpine landscapes 7 Turn over P56585A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. Figure 5b Recent cliff collapse on the South East coastline of the United Kingdom 8 P56585A The following resources relate to Question 7. Figure 7: Information about Aqaba, Jordan, Middle East. • The Gulf of Aqaba is at the northern end of the Dead Sea Transform fault, part of an active constructive plate boundary separating the Arabian and African plates. • Plate movement formed a coastal plain and a basin now filled by warm sea water, an ideal habitat for coral reefs. • Aqaba is a small coastal city ideally located for trade and more recently tourism. Its special economic zone (SEZ) offers tax-incentives to encourage tourist resorts and dive centres, as well as container ports. • This is a dynamic coastal landscape. Earthquakes create landslides in the surrounding mountains and coastal flooding is also a hazard. The 1995 Aqaba earthquake killed 8 people and injured 30. Land is allocated for different uses, e.g. tourism, research, residential, shopping and some open space Aqaba Marine Protected Area and the Marine Science Station monitor coral reef damage Coastal management strategies An oil pollution combat ship is usually on ready alert in the port areas A beach protection zone (50–150 m inland) restricts usage to natural landscapes and recreation Figure 7a Management strategies used in Aqaba 9 P56585A Israel Egypt Jordan Port Zone Gulf of Aqaba Marine Park Zone Saudi Arabia Industrial Zone Tourist Zone Aqaba 0 10km Key: = Earthquake epicentre N Tourist zone • 500,000 visitors a year visit Aqaba. • More tourist resorts are planned creating 500 jobs in luxury hotels. • Wastewater from resorts is sometimes dumped into the Gulf of Aqaba. • 30−50% of the coastline has been dredged and excavated for shoreline construction. Marine park zone • Hotels and dive centres have private beaches to facilitate 30,000 dives a year and trips on 55 glass-bottom boats. • Coral reefs are being damaged by industrial pollution and tourist use. • Coastal flooding occasionally causes damage to beach resorts. Port zone and industrial zone • More than 2,300 ships unload 3.5 m tonnes of oil every year, as well as phosphate and fertilisers. • 20,000 m³ of chlorinated cooling water is released every hour into deeper water. • Occasional landslides in the mountains cut off access between the coastal plain and other infrastructure. Aqaba SEZ (Special economic zone) State border Figure 7b Changing coastal landscapes in Gulf of Aqaba 10 P56585A BLANK PAGE 11 P56585A BLANK PAGE 12 P56585A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1b: Volcanoes and climate - After Tambora © The Economist 2015 Figure 2b: © StockShot/Alamy Figure 4b: First Cliff Walk, Grindelwald, Switzerland © Simon Roberts, 2016 © AFP Contributor/Getty Images © The Asahi Shimbun/Gettyimages Figure 5b: © Jim Bennett Figure 7b: © Eddie Gerald/Alamy © Danita Delimont/Gettyimages © Blaine Harrington III/Gettyimages Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Images used within this paper may be from www.clipart.com.
Turn over 13 3 A student used secondary data about average house prices along a transect in London, as part of research on where regeneration was needed. (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Describe the variation in average house prices from central to east London. 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(ii) State one strength and one weakness of using average data to compare areas. (2) Strength .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Turn over 15 (c) You have also carried out fieldwork and research into Regenerating Places. Assess the contribution of the secondary research data you used in investigating your geographical enquiry question. 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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks) Turn over 17 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 4 to answer this question. 4 Study Figures 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the extent to which Brighton could be described as a successful city. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 20 BLANK PAGE Turn over 21 SECTION C: DIVERSE PLACES Do not answer Section C (Diverse Places) if you have answered Section B (Regenerating Places). If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Define the term ‘lived experience of a place’. 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(1) A The lowest anxiety levels were in Orkney Islands B Oxford had higher anxiety levels than the UK average C The highest anxiety levels were in Fermanagh and Omagh D Rural areas had higher anxiety levels than urban areas 22 (ii) Suggest one reason why anxiety levels are so high in urban areas. 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(d) Explain two reasons why people’s age affects their view of a local place you have studied. 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Turn over 23 (e) Explain different ways of measuring the success of the management of cultural and demographic issues. 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26 6 A student used secondary data about average life expectancy along a transect in London, as part of research on deprivation. (a) Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Describe the variation in average life expectancy from central to east London. 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(ii) State one strength and one weakness of using average data to compare areas. (2) Strength .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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30 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 7 to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the extent to which west Cornwall could be described as a rural idyll. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE *P56586A* Turn over Tuesday 21 May 2019 Morning (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Paper Reference 8GE0/02 Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 2: Dynamic Places P56586A ©2019 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 2 P56586A SECTION A The following resources relate to Question 1. Figure 1a A transnational corporation (TNC) food outlet in Bangkok, Thailand Year 2000 2015 2020 (projected) Number of food outlets 1 97 215 Figure 1b Pizza Hut food outlets in Thailand, 2000 projected to 2020 3 Turn over P56586A SECTION B The following resources relate to Question 2. Age group 18–19 % Voted % Did not vote 57 43 20–24 59 41 25–29 64 36 30–39 61 39 40–49 66 34 50–59 71 29 60–69 77 23 70+ 84 16 Average 69 31 Figure 2a Voting behaviour by age group (as sampled after the 2017 general election by Yougov) 4 P56586A Population % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Voted Did not vote Low (GCSE or below) Educational level Medium (A level) High (Degree or above) Figure 2b Voting behaviour by educational level (as sampled after the 2017 general election by Yougov) 5 Turn over P56586A The following resource relates to Question 3. Central London East London Prices shown are within 1 km of each underground station Key K = thousand M = million Oxford Circus £1.8M Holborn £1M Tottenham Court Road £1.8M Stratford £340K Mile End £402K Bethnal Green £470K St Paul's £1.1M Liverpool Street £741K Bank £782K Chancery Lane £1.2M Figure 3 Average house prices along a London Underground train line, 2017 6 P56586A The following resources relate to Question 4. Information about Brighton, a city on the south coast of England • The population was 273,400 people in 2017 and is expected to grow by another 5% by 2021. • Named as 4th best place in the UK to start a business in 2017 with large employers such as American Express and Lloyds Bank already attracted. • 9 million tourists visit every year and it is the UK’s top seaside destination for overseas visitors. • The LGBT Pride Festival brings thousands of visitors from all over the world who spent over £18m in 2017. • 65% of players in Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club are foreign born. • Two universities – Sussex and Brighton have 34,000 students in total. • Index of Multiple Deprivation scores show some improvement between 2010 and 2015. However 55 of Brighton’s 165 LSOAs (Lower Super Output Area) still have the highest levels of deprivation in England. Figure 4a Brighton fact file Transport network Timing details Comment Gatwick International airport 30 minutes by train Wide range of internal and international flights available Motorway access 20 minutes to A23, then M23 links to M25 Heavily congested at times Trains to London About 1 hour Frequent delays and overcrowding Figure 4b Brighton’s UK and international transport links 7 Turn over P56586A 1999 2005 2017 Brighton £78,000 £142,000 £335,000 UK £67,000 £152,000 £210,000 Figure 4c Prices for a two bedroom house in Brighton and UK i360 viewing tower (opened 2016) Homelessness in Brighton Figure 4d Contrasting images of Brighton 8 P56586A SECTION C The following resources relate to Question 5. Population % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Manchester UK 65 and above Age group (years) 15–64 0–14 Figure 5a Population structure in Manchester and UK, 2016 (from a survey by the Office of National Statistics) 9 Turn over P56586A 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% UK AVERAGE Edinburgh Oxford Derry City Manchester URBAN Cotswold Orkney Islands Fermanagh and Omagh Craven RURAL Anxiety levels % High Anxiety levels % Medium/Low 20 21 22 22 34 35 35 35 29 80 79 78 78 66 65 65 65 71 Figure 5b Residents’ perceptions of place, measured by anxiety levels, 2016 (from a survey by the Office of National Statistics) 10 P56586A The following resource relates to Question 6. Central London East London Numbers refer to people living within 1 km of the underground station Oxford Circus 82 Holborn 85 Tottenham Court Road 84 Stratford 80 Mile End 81 Bethnal Green 78 St Paul's 87 Liverpool Street 87 Bank 87 Chancery Lane 85 Figure 6 Average life expectancy in years along a London Underground train line, 2017 11 Turn over P56586A The following resources relate to Question 7. Information about west Cornwall, south-west UK • West Cornwall is seen by some as an ‘idyll’, an idealised place of tranquillity, including natural landscapes, with both historic and cultural associations. • Tin and copper mining were important in the past but are now uneconomic compared to overseas production. However this heritage is now celebrated through media representations e.g. the ‘Poldark’ television series. • Tourism provides over 24% of jobs in west Cornwall, although many are seasonal and low paid, with a further 12% working in food related businesses. • Population in west Cornwall is approximately 75,000 and is increasing. Large numbers of affluent older people retire here whilst long term residents experience high levels of deprivation linked to low salaries and pensions, and declining social services. • The trend of long term out-migration of young people is beginning to reverse. • Numbers of EU migrants to west Cornwall doubled from 2001 to 2011. • Cornwall has received £1bn EU funding since 1999 as it is recognised as a socially deprived area. Money has been spent on reducing isolation by improving roads and broadband speeds. Figure 7a West Cornwall fact file Average salary £ UK 32 581 Cornwall 28 678 St Ives (west Cornwall) 23 201 Figure 7b Average salaries for jobs in 2017 UK 7.6 times average salary West Cornwall 9.0 times average salary Figure 7c House price affordability in 2017 12 P56586A Single parent Airbnb flat London resident’s second home Unemployed fisherman Elderly couple reliant on care in the community St Ives Art students’ house (multi-occupancy) Penberth Cove, Cornwall Popular with surfers and tourists but where a few local fishermen still make a living. Figure 7d Contrasting views of west Cornwall 13 P56586A BLANK PAGE 14 P56586A BLANK PAGE 15 P56586A BLANK PAGE 16 P56586A BLANK PAGE Fig. 1a: © Jeff Greenberg 6 of 6 / Alamy Stock Photo Fig. 2a: Sourced from: https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/06/13/how-britain-voted-2017-general-election/ Fig. 4d left image: © mauritius images GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo Fig. 7d bottom image: © Kevin Britland / Alamy Stock Photo
2 SECTION A: GLOBALISATION / SUPERPOWERS Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Explain one reason why many people in the developed world support the global shift of industry. 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Turn over 3 (b) Assess the methods used in local communities to reduce the impact of globalisation on the environment. 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(Total for Question 1 = 16 marks)
Turn over 5 2 (a) Explain one reason for the emergence of a multipolar world. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 (b) Assess the reasons why the growing resource needs of superpowers and emerging countries result in tensions. 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(Total for Question 2 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 32 MARKS 8 SECTION B: SHAPING PLACES Answer ONE question in this section – EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4. Indicate which question you are answering by marking a cross in the box . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new question with a cross . If you answer Question 3 put a cross in the box . Regenerating Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 3 (a) Study Figure 1 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one reason why economic regeneration is needed in some places more than others. 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Turn over 9 (ii) Explain why infrastructure investment such as fracking may help regeneration in some local economies but not others. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 (b) Explain why regeneration usually improves people’s local living environment. 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Turn over 11 (c) With reference to Figure 2a and 2b in the Resource Booklet and your own knowledge and understanding: Evaluate the reasons why some regions are more successful than others. 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(Total for Question 3 = 35 marks) Turn over 15 Do not answer Question 4 if you have answered Question 3. If you answer Question 4 put a cross in the box . Diverse Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 4 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one reason why the distribution of international migrants varies across the UK. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 (ii) Explain why there are tensions between long-term residents and international migrants in some areas but not others. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Turn over 17 (b) Explain how the built environment in urban areas usually reflects the ethnicity of their residents. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 (c) With reference to Figure 4a and 4b in the Resource Booklet and your own knowledge and understanding: Evaluate the reasons why some places appear to be more desirable than others. (20) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... . 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Turn over 21 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 4 = 35 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 35 MARKS 22 SECTION C: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONNECTIONS Answer ONE question in this section – EITHER Question 5 OR Question 6. Indicate which question you are answering by marking a cross in the box . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new question with a cross . If you answer Question 5 put a cross in the box . Health, Human Rights and Intervention 5 (a) Study Figure 5 below. Key Education level % of total Lower primary (age 6-8) 50 Upper primary (age 9-11) 25 Lower secondary (age 12-14) 19 Upper secondary (age 15-17) 6 TOTAL 100 Figure 5 Children enrolled in school in Madagascar, 2014 Turn over 23 (i) Draw a divided bar chart, using the key and the data in Figure 5. (2) (ii) The total number of children aged 6-17 in Madagascar was 8.9 million. The number of children who were enrolled in school was 5.8 million. Calculate the percentage of children who were enrolled in school to one decimal place. You must show your working. (2) .............................................................. (%) 24 (iii) Suggest reasons why the number of years spent in education by Madagascar’s children could affect its economic development. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Turn over 25 (b) Explain why governments vary in their definition and protection of human rights. 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Turn over 27 (c) Evaluate the view that development aid has been largely ineffective in reducing inequalities in developing countries. 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(Total for Question 5 = 38 marks) Turn over 31 BLANK PAGE 32 Do not answer Question 6 if you have answered Question 5. If you answer Question 6 put a cross in the box . Migration, Identity and Sovereignty 6 (a) Study Figure 6 below. Key Country of birth of migrants % of total UK 40 New Zealand 24 China 19 India 17 TOTAL 100% Figure 6 Top four countries of birth for migrants living in Australia, 2016 Turn over 33 (i) Draw a divided bar chart, using the key and the data in Figure 6. (2) (ii) The total number of migrants living in Australia was 6.19 million. The total number of migrants from the UK, New Zealand, China and India was 2.8 million. Calculate the percentage of migrants who came from these four countries to one decimal place. You must show your working. (2) .............................................................. % 34 (iii) Suggest reasons why the UK, New Zealand, China and India are the main source countries for migrants to Australia. 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Turn over 35 (b) Explain why modern nationalist movements face challenges in seeking increasing independence. 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Turn over 37 (c) Evaluate the view that international global organisations (IGOs) have been largely ineffective in managing environmental challenges. 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(Total for Question 6 = 38 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 38 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 105 MARKS *P58335A* Turn over Geography Advanced Paper 2 Afternoon (Time: 2 hours 15 minutes) Paper Reference 9GE0/02 Thursday 6 June 2019 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. P58335A ©2019 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 2 P58335A BLANK PAGE 3 Turn over P58335A SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 3a. N Edinburgh Leeds Hull Glasgow Manchester Belfast London Bristol Cardiff Liverpool Southampton Brighton 15960 12629 20321 30619 52506 Average income after tax, per head per year (£) Areas licensed by the UK government for 'fracking' 200 km Figure 1 Licences issued for oil and gas exploration by ‘fracking’ in 2017 4 P58335A The following resources relate to Question 3c. Economic and Social Data Flanders region (northern Belgium) Walloon region (southern Belgium) Population (million) 5.5 0.67 GDP € per capita per year €41,000 €25,000 Unemployment (%) 5.2 (33% long term) 11.5 (56% long term) ICT and finance contribution to GVA (Gross Value Added) (%) 23 5 Main types of employment in 19th/20th century Agriculture Coal mining, heavy industry Main types of employment in 21st century • Services • Regional headquarters of TNCs • Antwerp is the 3rd largest port in Europe • Public sector • Pharmaceuticals • Aeropole Science Park opened in 1990s, Now employs 3,600 % speaking English 50 20 % with tertiary education 37.2 33.9 Life expectancy in years (2016) 81.2 79.6 Transport links • Brussels Airport has international flights • High speed Eurostar train links Brussels to UK and Paris • Motorways run through the region • Brussels South Charleroi Airport, is used by low cost airlines, with links to other European cities • Belgian main line railway runs through the Walloon region • Motorways run through the region Environmental quality High atmospheric pollutant levels from traffic and limited open space and forests, means that the region frequently exceeds European targets for air quality Atmospheric pollutant levels are dropping. The region usually meets European targets for air quality. Dense forests and parks cover parts of the region Figure 2a Economic and social data for two contrasting regions of Belgium 5 Turn over P58335A Capital city Netherlands France Brussels Flanders region Walloon region Luxembourg Antwerp Belgium Germany English Channel RESOURCES Coal PROCESSING Iron and steel Charleroi City Regional boundary N 50 km Figure 2b Map of Flanders and Walloon regions in Belgium in 2016 6 P58335A The following resources relate to Question 4a. 0% 11% 6% 20% 33% 54% Non-UK born residents (%) = Locations chosen by the UK Government to house asylum seekers No data Asylum seekers are migrants waiting for permission to stay in the UK Edinburgh Hull London Liverpool Cardiff Bristol Southampton Brighton Glasgow N Manchester 200 km Figure 3 Distribution of international migrants and asylum seekers 7 Turn over P58335A The resource on the following page relates to Question 4c. 8 P58335A Economic and social data Brussels in northern Belgium Charleroi in southern Belgium Population 2.3 million Largest city and capital 204,000 5th largest city in Belgium Unemployment (%) 16.9 25 Main types of employment in 19th/20th centuries • Finance and Commerce • Government • Coal mining and steel works, glass making and metalworking Main types of employment in 21st century • Finance and Commerce • Headquarters for TNCs • Tourism • One of three bases for the European Parliament • Public sector • Transport • Chemical industry Transport links • Brussels Airport has international flights • High speed Eurostar train links to UK and Paris • Close to motorways • Brussels South Charleroi Airport, used by low cost airlines, with links to other European cities • On Belgian main line railway • Close to motorways % with tertiary education 43.5 33.9 Life expectancy (male) 78.3 75.9 Life expectancy (female) 83.8 81.7 % aged over 65 years 14 22 % under 15 years 22 17 % 15-64 years 64 61 Crime and terrorism • Crime index: 52 (moderate) • Safety scale: 49 (moderate) • Airport damaged by two bomb blasts in 2016 Crime index: 66 (high) Safety scale: 34 (less safe) Environmental quality • Air pollution above World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended levels due to vehicle exhausts • Numerous parks within the city provide green spaces • Air pollution is now rated ‘Good’ • 62 waste heaps left behind by former industry are now covered with vegetation and provide ‘green lungs’ for the city Figure 4a Economic and social data for two contrasting cities of Belgium 9 P58335A N 50 km Netherlands France Brussels Germany English Channel RESOURCES Coal PROCESSING Iron and steel Charleroi Capital city City Luxembourg Figure 4b Map of Brussels and Charleroi, two cities in Belgium 10 P58335A BLANK PAGE 11 P58335A BLANK PAGE 12 P58335A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1 - Source: Regional Gross Disposable Household Income: 1997 to 2015, Office for National Statistics Figure 3 - © Crown Copyright Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
Turn over 5 3 Study Figure 1 and Figure 2 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the pattern of earthquakes in Japan and its surrounding region. 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Turn over 7 4 Study Figure 3 and Figure 4 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the relationship between earthquake risk and population density in the Japanese archipelago. 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Turn over 9 5 Study Section B in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that international trade is the main factor in the success of the Japanese economy. 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(Total for Question 5 = 18 marks) Turn over 13 You should have read the whole of the Resource Booklet, including Section C, before attempting this question. 6 Evaluate the view that Japan’s status as a significant global power is unsustainable. 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(Total for Question 6 = 24 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE *P58336A* Turn over Paper Reference 9GE0/03 Geography Advanced Paper 3 Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Afternoon (Time: 2 hour 15 minutes) Thursday 13th June 2019 P58336A ©2019 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 2 P58336A BLANK PAGE 3 Turn over P58336A SECTION A Japan – a hazardous place Japan is an archipelago made up of four main islands: Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu, and Hokkaido. Honshu is the largest and most highly populated and provides over 80% of Japan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 26% of Japan’s total population of 127 million live in the Greater Tokyo region on Honshu. With an average population density of 340 per km2 Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The country is subject to many natural hazards; to earthquakes and associated tsunami, but also eruptions from its 110 active volcanoes – 47 of these pose an imminent threat. Japan’s geologic history as an island-arc system means that it has no natural mineral resources. With its mountainous interior and steep slopes, over 60% of the country is forested and very little is available for arable farming and food production. Despite these challenges Japan has the world’s third largest economy with very high standards of living. It has one of the healthiest populations resulting in the longest life expectancy globally. 4 P58336A Kuril Trench N Russia North Korea South Korea China 0 200 km 4000 2000 1500 1000 500 100 50 0 -100 -200 -500 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -7000 -8000 -9000 -10000 Height above sea-level and depth below sea-level in metres Figure 1 Japan in its regional setting 5 Turn over P58336A Eurasian Plate Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 0 - 29 Depth (km) 30 - 79 80 - 149 150 - 299 300 - 700 Okhotsk Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate N 100km Figure 2 Location and depth of large earthquakes in Japan and its surrounding region, 1960-2015 The Japanese archipelago (islands) lie at the junction of four tectonic plates; the Pacific and the Philippine Sea oceanic plates and the Okhotsk and the Eurasian continental plates. There are many fault planes where frequent earthquakes are generated by the subduction of the Philippine and the Pacific plates. 20% of all global earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater (MMS scale) occur in and around Japan with 30 of these events taking place in the past century. 6 P58336A Eurasian Plate Okhotsk Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate 1994 8.2 (11) 2011 9.1 (>27,000) 2004 6.8 (68) 1993 7.8 (230) 1983 7.7 (104) 2008 7.2 (23) 2007 6.8 (15) 1984 6.8 (29) 1995 7.3 (6,437) 0 0.1 3 6 26 100% Hypothesized fault planes Tokai Tonankai Nankai 100km Probability of an earthquake of MMS 6 or greater in the next 30 years Fault plane Key Location of largest earthquakes since 1983 N Year Magnitude (Number of people dead or missing) Information about earthquakes Figure 3 A map of earthquake risk Although Japan is widely acknowledged as the ‘model’ state for its level of hazard preparedness and mitigation, this comes at a high economic cost and is not without weaknesses. For example, it is estimated that over 25% of all buildings in the Nankai region (Honshu) have inadequate earthquake resistance. The most recent catastrophic earthquake (2011 Tohoku) devastated the Japanese economy. Not only did the resulting tsunami kill nearly 30,000 people and displace about 500,000, it also caused the most serious nuclear accident since Chernobyl (Ukraine) at Fukushima. Additionally, it destroyed over 150,000 buildings and cost over $360 billion in short- term and longer-term economic damage. The global economy was disrupted as the production of vital parts manufactured in Japan ceased causing a bottleneck in the global supply chain for companies as diverse as Apple, Boeing and Nissan. 7 Turn over P58336A Tokyo 0-0.9 1-1.9 2-3.9 4-7.9 8-14.9 15-29.9 30-59.9 60-119.9 120-239.9 240-479.9 480-1000 1000> Population density per km² N 100km Figure 4 Population density in Japan 8 P58336A SECTION B Demography, Energy and the Economy Japan is unusual, although not unique, amongst the world’s largest economies in having a declining population. Estimates suggest that unless current trends are reversed the population will decline by up to a third by 2060 (see Figure 5). The population is also ageing faster than any other country (see Figure 5) with an estimated 19 million over 80 by 2060. The reasons for this are low fertility rates and a cultural resistance to allowing in-migration to compensate. A recent World Bank report points out the problems of meeting the higher social costs of caring for the elderly with a shrinking work-force as well as a fall in domestic demand for consumer products. A few optimistic economists suggest that robotisation makes a smaller work force desirable. Population in millions Year Age 65+ Age 15-64 Age 0-14 140 120 100 80 60 20 40 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Figure 5 Past, present and projected future changes in the structure of Japan’s population 9 Turn over P58336A Japan’s economic system contrasts with that of most of its competitors. 90% of the employees of TNC’s such as Sony and Toyota are lifetime employees and the companies often provide their own schools, hospitals and retirement homes. Japanese workers have a reputation for working very long hours with 80-hour weeks not uncommon. However, the gap between their wages and that of their bosses is the lowest of the major economies. In the 1950s Japan developed its manufacturing base with a policy of import substitution industrialisation (ISI). ISI involved the government imposing high tariffs on imports making them expensive so replacing previously imported goods such as cars with Japan’s own ‘home-made’ products often with government subsidies to make them even more competitive. Once these home markets were secured, Japan began to promote free-trade policies so that it could sell its goods overseas (see Figure 6a and Figure 6b). Exports by main commodity group % 2016 Agricultural products: 1.6 Fuels and mining products: 4.3 Manufactures: 87.2 Other: 6.9 Exports by main destination % 2016 United States of America: 20.2 European Union: 11.4 Taiwan: 6.1 China: 17.6 Korea, Republic of: 7.2 Other: 37.5 Agricultural products: 11.3 Fuels and mining products: 29.4 Manufactures: 57.1 Other: 2.2 Imports by main commodity group % 2016 Imports by main country of origin % 2016 China: 25.8 United States of America: 11.4 Korea, Republic of: 4.1 European Union: 12.4 Australia: 5.0 Other: 41.3 Figure 6a Japan’s trade profile, 2016 10 P58336A Japan ranks 4th globally for the value of its exports and 5th for its imports – exporting US$644 bn and importing US$606 bn in 2016. Japan has a deserved reputation for innovative hi-tech products especially in the development of robotics and renewable energy technology. Top 5 Exports Top 5 Imports Commodity Value in US$bn Commodity Value in US$bn Motor cars 92 Oil and petroleum 51 Parts for motor vehicles 32 Liquified natural gas 34 Electronic circuits 24 Electronic circuits 17 Laser machines 13 Medicines 17 Electronic machines 12 Coal 17 Figure 6b Japan’s leading exports and imports by value, 2016 11 Turn over P58336A Japan began its nuclear power programme in 1954 planning to supply at least 50 % of the country’s energy needs by 2000. Initially using imported US technology, they have rapidly developed their own expertise. The Fukushima accident caused by the 2011 tsunami led to the shutdown of almost all of Japan’s nuclear power plants but in 2015 the decision was made to restart that programme alongside significant research spending on renewable energy resources. 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TWh (terrawatthours) Fukushima nuclear accident: March 11, 2011 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Year ended 2015 Government proposal for 2030 Year Natural gas Coal Petroleum and other liquids Hydroelectricity and other renewables Nuclear 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 7 Japan’s past and future energy mix 12 P58336A SECTION C Japan – rising or falling in the superpower stakes? Country Overall ranking for globalisation Ranked by Economic factors Ranked by Social factors Ranked by Political factors USA 27 54 30 19 Japan 39 78 48 34 Russia 48 125 52 20 China 71 121 81 44 Brazil 73 124 106 9 India 107 143 147 22 Figure 8 The globalisation rankings (on the KOF index) for six superpowers and emerging superpowers, 2016 United States China Russia Saudi Arabia India France United Kingdom Japan Germany South Korea Italy Australia Brazil UAE Israel 611.0 215.0 69.2 63.7 55.9 55.7 48.3 46.1 41.1 36.8 27.9 24.6 23.7 22.8 18.0 2016 spending ($ bn) % share of global defense expenditure 36.0 13.0 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 Figure 9 Defence expenditure for the world’s top 15 military powers, 2016 13 Turn over P58336A 2015 2016 2017 UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY UNITED STATES FRANCE CANADA AUSTRALIA SWITZERLAND JAPAN SWEDEN NETHERLANDS FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES GERMANY CANADA JAPAN SWITZERLAND AUSTRALIA SWEDEN NETHERLANDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 Figure 10 A ‘soft’ power league table showing changes in global influence measuring diplomacy, culture, education and other factors, 2015-2017 London New York Tokyo Paris Singapore Seoul Hong Kong Amsterdam Berlin Vienna 0 200 400 600 1,000 Score 800 1,200 1,400 1,600 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Economy Liveability Research and Development Environment Cultural Interaction Accessibility Figure 11 The results of a business survey ranking the top ten global cities in 2017 14 P58336A In assessing the risks from five hazards (river flooding, earthquake, wind storm, storm surge and tsunami), insurance companies have calculated that Japan has three cities in the top ten at risk globally for the number of people affected (killed, injured or displaced). In terms of economic losses these three Japanese cities fill the first three places globally with potential GDP losses as high as 5% of the annual total. City or city region Total population potentially affected (in millions) Tokyo (Japan) 57.1 Manila (Philippines) 34.6 Pearl River Delta (China) 34.5 Osaka-Kobe (Japan) 32.1 Jakarta (Indonesia) 27.7 Nagoya (Japan) 22.9 Kolkata (India) 17.9 Shanghai (China) 16.7 Los Angeles (USA 16.4 Tehran (Iran) 15.6 Figure 12 Predicted impacts for the world’s 10 most hazardous cities and city regions 15 P58336A BLANK PAGE 16 P58336A BLANK PAGE Figure 1 - Source from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Topography-and-main-geographical-regions- of-Japan-modified-from-Editorial-Group-for_fig3_308023935 Figure 3 - Shake-up time for Japanese seismology’, Robert J. GellerCopyright © 2011, Springer Nature Figure 4 - Sourced from: © popdensitymap.ucoz.ru Figure 7 - Sourced from: U.S. Energy Information Administration Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.
(A110U10-1) 13 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 10. (a) Spearman’s Rank was used to test the correlation between population density and internet download speed in Northern Ireland, the results of which are shown in Figures 7 and 8. (i) Calculate the values for A, B and C in Figure 7. Write the values for A, B and C in your answer booklet. [3] (ii) Use Figure 8 to state the statistical significance of the correlation. [2] (b) Suggest why the demand for fast internet speed varies between rural communities. [8] Either 11. Assess the severity of threats to retailing in central urban places. [15] Or 12. Examine the role of changing flows of money and investment in shaping the characteristics of one or more places. [15] END OF PAPER BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 14 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 15 © WJEC CBAC Ltd.
12 3 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. A group of students used GIS to find secondary information to help plan their primary fieldwork investigation into glaciated landscapes in the Cairngorms National Park. (i) Identify the type of landscape shown in Figure 3. (1) A Lowland active B Lowland relict C Upland active D Upland relict (ii) Study Figure 3. Identify the type of glaciated landform shown in box A (Loch Brandy). (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) Describe the angle of slope the students might expect to find around Loch Brandy. 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16 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 4, to answer this question. 4 Study Figures 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that the risks from tectonic activity in Villarrica National Park outweigh those from glacial processes. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 19 Turn over SECTION C: COASTAL LANDSCAPES AND CHANGE Do not answer Section C (Coastal Landscapes and Change) if you have answered Section B (Glaciated Landscapes and Change). If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Define the term ‘eustatic sea level change’. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Study Figure 5a below which shows two samples of nine pebbles on a beach on the east coast of England. A t-test can determine if there is a significant difference between the two sets of data. Average size of 9 pebbles at the backshore Average size of 9 pebbles at the foreshore Mean pebble size 38 25 Standard deviation 8.1 6.2 Figure 5a (i) Using the partially completed Student’s t-test below, calculate the value of t. Give your answer to 1 decimal place. (1) t x x S N S N = − + 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 13 3.4 = t = ............................................... 20 (ii) Identify the significance level of your t-test result using Figure 5b in the Resource Booklet. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) Suggest one reason for the difference in pebble size. 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(c) Explain two economic reasons why coastal recession is significant. 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24 6 (a) Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet. A group of students used GIS to find secondary information about the relief of the Glamorgan Heritage Coast in South Wales in order to help plan their fieldwork investigation into coastal landscapes. (i) Identify the most likely type of coastal landscape shown in Figure 6. (1) A Rocky and concordant B Rocky and discordant C Sandy and concordant D Sandy and discordant (ii) Study Figure 6. Identify one coastal landform shown in box A. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (iii) Describe the angle of slope the students might expect to find at this stretch of coastline. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Turn over (iv) Explain two decisions these students would have to make as part of a risk assessment. 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Assess the effectiveness of the techniques you used to present and analyse your fieldwork data. (9) Geographical enquiry question: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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28 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that the risks from tectonic activity in Bali outweigh those from coastal processes. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS 31 BLANK PAGE 32 BLANK PAGE *P62364A* P62364A ©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1 Turn over Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscapes Paper Reference 8GE0/01 Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Tuesday 12 May 2020 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P62364A SECTION A The following resource relates to Question 1. Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Number of days since the main earthquake 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Number of reported aftershocks Figure 1 Aftershocks reported after the February 2018 earthquake in Papua New Guinea 3 P62364A Turn over SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2–4. Degrees of freedom 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 Figure 2b Significance table for t-test 4 P62364A Roads Extremely high / steep 31–90° Rivers / Streams / Lakes 21–30° Craggy rock areas 16–20° Study area 11–15° 6–10° Extremely low / gentle Flat or water level 0° 1–5° Slope angle Key N Box A Box A Loch Brandy 0 1km Figure 3 Geographic Information System (GIS) maps showing slope angle around Glen Clova valley, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland 5 P62364A Turn over The following resources relate to Question 4. • Volcan Villarrica is a composite volcano near a destructive plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. • The volcano is covered by 40 km2 of glaciers, however these are shrinking. 25% of the surface area was lost between 1961 and 2003. • The volcano erupted in 1971. Poisonous gases and lahars flowed down river valleys towards the nearby towns of Molco and El Turbio. 12 people were killed. Another eruption began in 2015. • Chile’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in 2017 was US$24,643. The volcano is situated in Villarrica National Park, popular with winter skiers, summer hikers and for the geothermal springs in nearby towns. The park authorities are responsible for the management of hazard risks. Figure 4a Information about Volcan Villarrica in the Andes, Chile, South America Lake Villarrica Molco Pucon El Turbio Ski resort Volcan Villarrica Villarrica National Park 6km eruption zone Molco River valley Pucon Airport Key Boundary of Villarrica National Park Roads River valleys with flows of volcanic debris Nearby towns and urban areas 5km N Turbio River valley Figure 4b Villarrica National Park showing nearby towns and major threats 6 P62364A Timeline National Emergency Office Issued 'Red Alert' • Ash and lava destroyed the ski resort water supply. Mudslides swept away 2 bridges. • 2 hikers were caught in ashfall, but survived. Some small towns were cut off. The National Plan of Civil Protection Cleaned up damage from mudflows and lahars • It took 1 year to complete repairs and rebuilding of schools, hospitals and bridges. Scientists Monitored the volcano with satellites, webcams and sensors • Magma gas emissions and steam triggered warnings. • 3,300 villagers evacuated to escape potential river flooding, mudslides and lahars. National Park Service Closed the park after avalanches to survey snow and ice conditions • A 6-mile radius exclusion was established around the crater of the volcano for 1 year, limiting access for hikers and skiers. Key Player Action Evidence of impact Figure 4c Hazard responses during the 2015 eruption of Volcan Villarrica 7 P62364A Turn over Ski resort infrastructure on the sides of Mt Villarrica. 100 m wide snow avalanches in 2010 seriously injured 1 tourist. 15 people were killed by asphyxiation in 1971. Mudflows here killed 100 people over the 20th century. Evacuation of tourists from Pucon during an eruption of Mt Villarrica in 2017. Ash layers on top of glaciers on Mt Villarrica. Ash absorbs sunlight, increasing ablation. Figure 4d Three scenes from Mt Villarrica 8 P62364A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. Degrees of freedom 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 Figure 5b Significance table for t-test 9 P62364A Turn over Roads Extremely high / steep 31–90° Rivers / Streams / Lakes 21–30° Craggy rock areas 16–20° Study area 11–15° 6–10° Extremely low / gentle Flat or water level 0° 1–5° Key Slope angle N Box A Box A 0 300m 0 300m Figure 6 Geographic Information System (GIS) maps showing slope angle around Southerndown, Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales 10 P62364A The following resources relate to Question 7. • Bali is known for its beautiful beaches, surrounded by coral reefs. Most coastal resorts are near the capital city, Denpasar. There are many coastal and hill villages scattered all over the island, all with temples. • Bali is on a destructive plate boundary, with two major composite volcanoes, Mt Batur and Mt Agung. In 1963, Mt Agung erupted (VEI5), triggering pyroclastic flows and lahars, killing 15,000 people in surrounding villages. Mt Agung erupted periodically during 2017–2019 and both volcanoes are predicted to erupt within the next 100 years. • Tropical storms, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis are other threats facing the island, as well as long-term erosion of sediment from beaches. • Indonesia is an emerging economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of US$3,846 in 2017. There is no integrated coastal zone management strategy in Bali and hazard management is focused on tourist areas. Many rural villages have no disaster risk mapping or community awareness drills. Figure 7a Information about Bali, a volcanic island in Indonesia Mt Agung Songam Village Mt Batur Evacuation zone 10 km from crater Hazard zones Tanah Lot Nusa Ngurah Rai International Airport Eurasian Plate Indo–Australian Plate BALI Key Population density Volcanic risk: High risk Moderate risk Potential risk Temple and village Road Plate boundary and movement 10 km Low High N Figure 7b Major threats and concentration of population in Bali 11 P62364A NGOs Provided training for small villages on the coast at risk from natural disasters • Villagers followed advice given to avoid deforestation and to plant more trees to avoid future landslides. Indonesia National Disaster Management Authority Established a 10 km exclusion zone around Mt Agung when it erupted • 122,500 villagers were evacuated after many volcanic earthquakes. • Ash closed the airport for 2 days. 500 flights cancelled, 59,000 passengers delayed. Red Cross and military Searched for survivors after landslides in Songam Village • Sustained torrential rain caused landslides. 6,300 people rescued. • 12 people killed, 7 never found. Scientists Programmed and ran computer models to work out evacuation areas if Mt Agung erupts • Evacuation routes were based on data shared by all Pacific Ocean countries about volcanic ash, earthquakes, mudflows and other secondary hazards. Key Player Action Evidence of impact Timeline Figure 7c Hazard responses during landslides and volcanic eruptions in 2017 Turn over 12 P62364A Damage to beaches at Tanah Lot temple in Bali. The coastline is eroding at 2 m/year, exacerbated by rising seawater levels. A tsunami warning sign in Nusa, a village in Bali. Infrastructure is not being maintained. Coral and river sediment are illegally removed for hotel construction. Storm and tidal surges threaten coastal resorts up to 100 m inland and can sweep people out to sea – 10 tourists killed in 2013, 2 in 2016. Figure 7d Images showing a lack of planned coastal management 13 P62364A BLANK PAGE 14 P62364A BLANK PAGE 15 P62364A BLANK PAGE 16 P62364A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1 (Source: https://www.usgs.gov/news/magnitude-75-earthquake-papua-new-guinea) Figure 3 (Source: https://www.arcgis.com/lochbrandy) Figure 4b (Source: ArcGIS.com) Figure 4d (Source: Picture 1 © Andrew Bargery/Alamy Stock Photo, Picture 2 © Xinhua/Alamy Stock Photo) Figure 6 (Source: ArcGIS.com) Figure 7b (Source: https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2017/11/mount-agung- interactive-reuters/index.html) Figure 7d (Source: Picture 1 © Robert Harding/Alamy Stock Photo, Picture 2 © Neil McAllister/Alamy Stock Photo, Picture 3 © Philip Game/Alamy Stock Photo) Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions
12 3 Study Figure 4 in the Resource Booklet. A group of students travelled by minibus along the route shown in Haringey, north London and used secondary data on multiple deprivation to support their fieldwork. (a) (i) Describe the change in the level of multiple deprivation along the transect. 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(ii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of displaying data using a choropleth map, as shown in Figure 4. (2) Advantage: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Disadvantage: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... The students carried out an Environmental Quality Survey (EQS) in the 16 LSOAs along the route. The lower the number out of 20, the lower the environmental quality. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was chosen to test the statistical relationship between EQS and IMD. (iii) State a suitable null hypothesis the students could use to test the relationship between environmental quality and multiple deprivation. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Turn over Their partially-completed table to calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is shown in Figure 5. (iv) Complete the missing data in Figure 5 below. (2) Level of IMD (1 = most deprived) Rank of IMD EQS score (0–20) 0 = lowest quality Rank of EQS Difference in ranks (D) Difference in ranks squared (D2) Start of transect 22 836 4 17 3 1 1 23 199 3 19 1 2 4 15 313 6 13 5.5 0.5 0.25 28 984 1 18 2 1 1 24 357 2 16 4 2 4 17 745 5 13 5.5 0.5 0.25 6 207 11 11 9 2 4 10 692 8 12 7 1 1 8 427 10 11 9 1 1 4 957 13 9 12 1 1 5 764 12 8 2.25 11 630 7 10 11 4 16 10 293 9 11 9 0 0 1 939 15 6 16 1 1 3 519 14 8 13.5 0.5 0.25 Finish of transect 1 592 16 7 15 1 1 ∑ = 38 Figure 5 14 The students used the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient formula to calculate R and their result was 0.944. They used a critical values table, shown in Figure 6, to decide if they should accept or reject their null hypothesis. Significance levels Number of pairs of data (n) 0.05 or 95% 0.01 or 99% 10 0.648 0.818 11 0.623 0.794 12 0.591 0.78 13 0.566 0.745 14 0.545 0.716 15 0.525 0.689 16 0.507 0.666 17 0.49 0.645 18 0.476 0.625 19 0.462 0.608 20 0.45 0.591 Figure 6 Table of critical values for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (R) (v) Explain why they should accept or reject their null hypothesis. 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(Total for Question 3 = 18 marks) 17 Turn over Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 7 to answer this question. 4 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. The Indian government has prevented any further changes in function by the TNC in the Niyamgiri hills. Evaluate the extent to which this decision will benefit the players in the Niyamgiri hills. 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(Total for Question 4 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 62 MARKS 20 SECTION C: DIVERSE PLACES Do not answer Section C (Diverse Places) if you have answered Section B (Regenerating Places). If you answer Section C put a cross in the box . You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Identify one reason why rural places may be seen as undesirable by some groups. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Study Figure 8 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Calculate the mean value for crimes in 2018 for the counties shown. Give your answer to 1 decimal place. (1) .............................................................. crimes per thousand people (ii) Calculate the median value for crimes in 2018 for the counties shown. (1) .............................................................. crimes per thousand people 21 Turn over (iii) Suggest one reason why the rate of crime might vary between these different counties. 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Image 2: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 (d) Explain why perceptions of inner city areas have changed over time. 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25 Turn over 6 Study Figure 9 in the Resource Booklet. A group of students travelled by minibus along the route shown in Haringey, north London and used secondary data on multiple deprivation to support their fieldwork. (a) (i) Describe the change in level of multiple deprivation along the transect. 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(ii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of displaying data using a choropleth map, as shown in Figure 9. (2) Advantage: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Disadvantage: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... The students carried out a Personal Safety Survey (PSS) in the 16 LSOAs along the route. The lower the number out of the total 20, the less safe they felt. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was chosen to test the statistical relationship between PSS scores and IMD. (iii) State a suitable null hypothesis the students could use to test the relationship between multiple deprivation and personal safety. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Their partially-completed table to calculate the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is shown in Figure 10. (iv) Complete the missing data in Figure 10 below. (2) Level of IMD (1 = most deprived) Rank of IMD PSS score (0–20) 0 = lowest level of safety Rank of PSS Difference in ranks (D) Difference in ranks squared (D2) Start of transect 22 836 4 18 1 3 9 23 199 3 15 2.5 0.5 0.25 15 313 6 12 4.5 1.5 2.25 28 984 1 11 6 −5 25 24 357 2 15 2.5 0.5 0.25 17 745 5 10 7 −2 4 6 207 11 8 10 1 1 10 692 8 12 4.5 3.5 12.25 8 427 10 8 10 0 0 4 957 13 5 15.5 −2.5 6.25 5 764 12 7 0.25 11 630 7 9 8 −1 1 10 293 9 8 10 −1 1 1 939 15 5 15.5 0.5 0.25 3 519 14 7 12.5 1.5 2.25 Finish of transect 1 592 16 6 14 2 4 ∑ = 69 Figure 10 27 Turn over The students used the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient formula to calculate R and their result was 0.892. They used a critical values table, shown in Figure 11, to decide if they should accept or reject their null hypothesis. Significance levels Number of pairs of data (n) 0.05 or 95% 0.01 or 99% 10 0.648 0.818 11 0.623 0.794 12 0.591 0.78 13 0.566 0.745 14 0.545 0.716 15 0.525 0.689 16 0.507 0.666 17 0.49 0.645 18 0.476 0.625 19 0.462 0.608 20 0.45 0.591 Figure 11 Table of critical values for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (R) (v) Explain why they should accept or reject the null hypothesis. 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Assess the accuracy and reliability of the methods used to collect primary data for your own enquiry. 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30 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 12 to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 12a, 12b, 12c and 12d in the Resource Booklet. Different players have made changes in the Niyamgiri hills. Evaluate the extent to which tensions or conflict are inevitable for the local people. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS P62361RA ©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 Turn over Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 2: Dynamic Places Paper Reference 8GE0/02 Morning (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Tuesday 19 May 2020 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P62361RA SECTION A The following resources relate to Question 1. Grapes 60% Apples 30% Kiwi fruit 7% Cherries 2 % Blueberries 1% 2000: 56 800 tonnes of fruit imported Grapes 40% Apples 43% Kiwi fruit 6% Cherries 3% Blueberries 8% 2015: 92 500 tonnes of fruit imported Figure 1 Fruit imports from Chile to the UK in 2000 and 2015 3 P62361RA Turn over Italy Romania 500 km Location of Italy and Romania N 26.6% of migrants leaving Romania have higher education. In 2017, 2.3% of Romania's GDP was from remittances. Figure 2 Data about two European Union (EU) countries: Romania (joined 2007) and Italy (founder member 1957) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (US$) in 2017 GDP per capita (US$) Romania 40 000 Italy 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 813 31,953 10, 2017 Italian migrants in Romania 56,515 Romanian migrants in Italy 1,168,552 Romania Italy Population change between 1978 and 2018 Population (million) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1978 1988 1998 2008 2018 Key 4 P62361RA SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 2. Local authority Total derelict land area (hectares) Economic history Angus 94 Mainly rural Clackmannanshire 48 Mainly rural East Lothian 73 Mainly rural, some mining in past Fife 551 Rural, mining in past West Lothian 341 Rural, some mining in past Stirling 117 Rural, some urban, some mining in past Midlothian 105 Rural, mining in past, borders Edinburgh Falkirk 210 Urban, some rural, iron and steel in past Perth & Kinross 16 Urban and rural Dundee City 14 Urban Edinburgh City 91 Urban (Source: www.gov.scot) Figure 3 Derelict land in selected local authorities in Scotland in 2017 5 P62361RA Turn over The following resource relates to Question 3. Deciles of Deprivation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 most deprived least deprived Start Finish Finish Scale 600 m The route followed by the students Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) Ward boundary Local authority boundary N Key Start (Source: http://dclgapps.communities.gov.uk/imd/idmap.html) Figure 4 The students’ transect through Haringey (a local authority in north London) plotted on an Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) map 6 P62361RA The following resources relate to Question 4. • The Dongria Kondh are an indigenous people living sustainably for hundreds of years in the Niyamgiri hills, a remote rural mountainous region of Odisha state, eastern India. • An Indian Transnational Corporation (TNC) has been trying to gain permission to mine bauxite (raw material for aluminium) in the Niyamgiri hills. This would result in a change of function and quality of the living environment for this place and cultural erosion would be likely. • The TNC supplies aluminium to international markets, and it opened a refinery in Niyamgiri using imported bauxite, before receiving approval for the mine. • The government banned the TNC from opening the mine, but the TNC disagrees and has appealed against the decision. Figure 7a Background information The Dongria Kondh’s identity and lived experience are based on their ability to live off the land growing crops and collecting honey, fruit and edible insects from the forest. The mountains, streams and forests are vital to the people’s cultural and spiritual wellbeing. Forest products are used to treat arthritis, bone fractures, malaria and snake bites. Millet, traditionally grown and eaten only by the poor, has become a health food choice for wealthy Indian people. About 8 000 people live in scattered villages and have rejected jobs offered by the TNC. Figure 7b Facts about the Dongria Kondh community 7 P62361RA Turn over Mining and aluminium processing TNC The TNC is Indian-owned, with a UK headquarters, and uses Indian supplies of bauxite and coal. It employs or contracts a total of 65 000 workers globally. The TNC offered permanent skilled jobs, reducing inequalities in this economically poor region. It built a hospital and school for the community. Its global revenue increased in 2017–18 by 33% to over US$15 billion. The Niyamgiri hills bauxite deposit is valued at US$2 billion. Mining and processing reduces forest biodiversity and disrupts local and regional river systems. Figure 7c Facts about the TNC Dongria Kondh community TNC Indian government • Wants to preserve its social and economic culture with limited engagement with modern Indian society. • Requires raw materials to reach production targets. Local sourcing would be more sustainable. • Encourages TNCs to help economy grow and country to become more self‑sufficient. • Has limited access to local schooling and modern healthcare. • If mine does not go ahead they will close the school and hospital they built for the community. • Reserves places at university and in technical jobs for indigenous people but few are taken up. • Won case against TNC in court to block change in function to mining, following an international media campaign. • Annual report says 2017–18 targets to reduce water use and carbon emissions at the refinery were met. • Implemented court decision after international human rights groups and celebrities provided support to highlight case in the media. Figure 7d Information about the players involved 8 P62361RA SECTION C The following resource relates to Question 5. County Crimes per thousand people Brief description Leicestershire 78.1 Urban, some rural Northamptonshire 75.0 Urban, some rural Nottinghamshire 86.9 Urban, some rural Bedfordshire 74.0 Urban, some rural Cambridgeshire 76.8 Urban, some rural Essex 76.5 Urban, some rural Hertfordshire 71.0 Urban, some rural Derbyshire 53.6 Urban, some rural Lincolnshire 56.4 Mainly rural Norfolk 63.2 Mainly rural Suffolk 69.9 Mainly rural (Source: Office for National Statistics) Figure 8 Crime rates for selected counties of England in 2018 9 P62361RA Turn over The following resource relates to Question 6. Deciles of Deprivation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 most deprived least deprived Scale 600 m The route followed by the students Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) Ward boundary Local authority boundary N Key Start Finish Finish Start (Source: http://dclgapps.communities.gov.uk/imd/idmap.html) Figure 9 The students’ transect through Haringey (a local authority in north London) plotted on an Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) map 10 P62361RA The following resources relate to Question 7. • India is a culturally diverse nation, with hundreds of different indigenous groups. • The Dongria Kondh are an indigenous people who have lived sustainably for hundreds of years in Niyamgiri, a remote rural, mountainous region of Odisha state, eastern India. • The mountains, land and rivers are respected and are part of their identity, religious beliefs and culture. • Their way of life and identity are threatened by mining, logging, mineral refining and commercial farming, leading to possible tensions, conflict and cultural erosion. Figure 12a Background information The Dongria Kondh live off the land in the Niyamgiri hills growing crops including millet and collecting honey, fruit and edible insects from the forest. Mountain streams are used by communities for water. They then flow onto the plains below and supply water for drinking and farming for millions of people. Forest products are used to treat arthritis, dysentery, bone fractures, malaria and snake bites. About 8 000 people live in scattered villages. Figure 12b Facts about the Dongria Kondh community 11 P62361RA Changes experienced in the Niyamgiri hills An Indian-owned TNC built an aluminium refinery near the hills. It produces red mud as a waste product, which contaminates rivers and air and damages crops, livestock and human health. In November 2018 the government gave permission for a six times larger expansion. Indian middle-classes are choosing millet as a health food as it is rich in protein and minerals. The Niyamgiri area has rare millet species that could be vital food sources for the future as climate changes, as these grow in low rainfall conditions. Deforestation by poachers removes trees, leading to a loss of species and local knowledge that could be used globally for medicine. The Dongria Kondh community was encouraged to grow rice by commercial seed companies instead of its traditional crops. Figure 12c Changes in the Niyamgiri hills Dongria Kondh community Indian government Aluminium processing TNC • Lacks land rights or representation in government. Survival International, a non‑government organisation (NGO), supports them. • Encourages business to help economy grow, and to provide social and economic development for all India’s people. • Employs 3 000 people in Odisha, 85% of whom are local. Claims development would help the Dongria Kondh and offers them jobs. • Lives in economic poverty and few young people complete education. • Under pressure from human rights and environmental groups. • Claims it causes zero harm, zero waste and zero discharge, and says, 'trees will be planted in the future!'. • Wants to preserve its social and economic way of life with limited engagement with modern Indian society. • Reserves places at university and in technical jobs for indigenous people but few are taken up. • Plans to recycle red mud waste from aluminium production to manufacture concrete. Figure 12d Information about the players involved 12 P62361RA BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper. Figure 2 – Source: https://www.gov.scot Figure 3 – Source: https://www.gov.scot Figure 4 & 9 – Source: © OpenStreetMap/Crown Copyright Figure 7b – © Pearson Asset Library Figure 12b – Source: © Matt Hahnewald/Shutterstock
2 SECTION A: GLOBALISATION / SUPERPOWERS Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 Study Figure 1 below. GII Increasing inequality 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 GDP per capita PPP (US$) Afghanistan Kenya Indonesia Peru Algeria China UK South Korea Belgium Bahrain USA Figure 1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Gender Inequality Index (GII) for selected countries in 2018 3 Turn over (a) (i) Complete Figure 2 below by adding the GII and GDP data for China from Figure 1. (2) States GII GDP per capita (PPP) ($) Afghanistan 0.65 1800 China Figure 2 Data table (ii) Calculate the range for the GII data for the countries shown in Figure 1. (1) Answer: .............................................................. (iii) Draw the line of best fit on Figure 1. (1) 4 Study Figure 1 which shows the relationship between GDP per capita and GII (gender inequality index). (b) Assess the extent to which improvements in gender equality may lead to higher national incomes per capita. 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6 2 (a) Explain one effect on key resources, such as oil, from rising middle‑class consumption in emerging superpowers. 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(Total for Question 2 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 32 MARKS 9 Turn over SECTION B: SHAPING PLACES Answer ONE question in this section – EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4. Indicate which question you are answering by marking a cross in the box . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new question with a cross . If you answer Question 3 put a cross in this box . Regenerating Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 3 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one reason why the unemployment rates for Hartlepool have varied. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 (c) Evaluate the view that successful regeneration always relies on changing the perceptions of an area. (20) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Turn over 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Turn over .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 3 = 35 marks) 16 Do not answer Question 4 if you have answered Question 3 If you answer Question 4 put a cross in this box . Diverse Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 4 Study Figures 4a and 4b in the Resource Booklet. (a) (i) Suggest one reason why the population structures of Newcastle‑upon‑Tyne and Northumberland differ. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Turn over (ii) Suggest reasons for the different levels of cultural diversity between Newcastle‑upon‑Tyne and Northumberland. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 (b) Explain how regional and national influences have shaped the demographic characteristics of your local place. (6) Name of local place: ............................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Turn over (c) Evaluate why stakeholders in diverse communities use different criteria for measuring the success of managing change. (20) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Turn over .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 4 = 35 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 35 MARKS 23 Turn over SECTION C: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONNECTIONS Answer ONE question in this section – EITHER Question 5 OR Question 6. Indicate which question you are answering by marking a cross in the box . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new question with a cross . If you answer Question 5 put a cross in this box . Health, Human Rights and Intervention You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Explain how the Geneva Convention attempts to protect human rights. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Study Figure 5 in the Resource Booklet. (b) Explain why some regions have experienced more rapid rates of increase in life expectancy than others. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Turn over (c) Explain why some International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) have promoted neo‑liberal market and trade policies for economic development. (8) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Turn over (d) Evaluate the extent to which military interventions are effective in reducing human rights abuses. (20) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Turn over .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 5 = 38 marks) 31 Turn over Do not answer Question 6 if you have answered Question 5. If you answer Question 6 put a cross in this box . Migration, Identity and Sovereignty You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 6 (a) Explain why the emergence of new nation states is often accompanied by conflict. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet. (b) Suggest reasons for the differences in the numbers of foreign-born population (international migrants) in the countries shown. (6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Turn over (c) Explain why the opinions of governments and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) about the growth of tax havens may differ. (8) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 (d) Evaluate the extent to which the rise of nationalism can prevent globalisation. (20) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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Turn over 36 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Turn over .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 6 = 38 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 38 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 105 MARKS 39 BLANK PAGE 40 BLANK PAGE *P62635A* P62635A ©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/e2 Turn over Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Paper 2 Paper Reference 9GE0/02 Afternoon (Time: 2 hours 15 minutes) Thursday 4 June 2020 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P62635A BLANK PAGE 3 P62635A Turn over SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 3(a). 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2010 2017 2018 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Key: Hartlepool England Aged 16–64 years, percentage (%) unemployed Figure 3 Changes in unemployment rates in Hartlepool (urban area in north-east England) and England between 2004 and 2018 4 P62635A The following resources relate to Question 4(a). Newcastle-upon-Tyne (a university city) 90+ 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 age male female male female 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 1 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 1 1.5 percentage of population in age band age percentage of population in age band 90+ 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Northumberland (a largely rural county) Non-UK born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne 17% 3% Non-UK born in Northumberland Figure 4a Population pyramid and non-UK born data for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, North East England Figure 4b Population pyramid and non-UK born data for Northumberland, North East England 5 P62635A Turn over SECTION C The following resource relates to Question 5(b). 1960 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 North America Europe and Central Asia East Asia and Pacific South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Mean life expectancy at birth (years) Region % Increase between 1960 and 2015 North America 13 Europe and Central Asia 15 East Asia and Pacific 56 South Asia 57 Sub-Saharan Africa 50 Figure 5 Mean life expectancy at birth for selected world regions from 1960 to 2015 6 P62635A The following resource relates to Question 6(b). 0 10 20 30 40 50 Spain Australia France Canada United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Russia Germany United States of America Foreign-born population (millions) Total population in millions, including foreign-born 46 24 67 36 9 65 32 141 82 321 Figure 6 Foreign-born population (international migrants) by destination country, 2018 7 P62635A BLANK PAGE 8 P62635A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 3 (Source: http://www.teesjsna.org.uk/employment) Figure 4a (Source: Open Government Licence v3.0) Figure 4b (Source : © Crown copyright) Figure 5 (Source : © 2019 The World Bank Group) Figure 6 (Source: © United Nations)
3 Turn over 2 (a) Table 1 below shows data for the level of development of the 38 members of the United Nations that are landlocked countries. A Chi-squared test was used to establish if there is an association between being landlocked and the level of development. Two hypotheses were set up: There is no significant association between the level of development and being landlocked. Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant association between the level of development and being landlocked. (i) Using the formula and the data in Table 1 below calculate the value of χ 2 (2) 2 2 χ O E E Show your working. χ 2 = .............................................................. Level of development Low human development Medium human development High human development Very high human development Observed 14 4 7 13 Expected 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 (O-E)2 20.25 30.25 6.25 12.25 (O-E)2 / E 2.13 3.18 0.66 1.29 Table 1 4 (ii) To test the significance of this value for χ 2 the table below was used to determine which hypothesis should be accepted. 90% significant (0.1) 95% significant (0.05) 99% significant (0.01) Critical value 6.25 7.81 11.34 State the result of this test of significance. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why the result you have reached for the χ 2 test in 2 (a)(ii) may not be a reliable guide to the relationship between a country being landlocked and its level of development. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)
5 Turn over 3 Study Figures 1, 2, 3a and 3b in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the evidence that the trade profile of Latin America might hinder its development. (8) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)
7 Turn over 4 Study Figure 4 and Figure 5 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the relationship between inequalities and the level of social and economic development. (8) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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9 Turn over 5 Study the resources in Section B of the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that economic development based on natural resources inevitably leads to environmental degradation (destruction). 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(Total for Question 5 = 18 marks) 13 Turn over You should have read the whole of the Resource Booklet, including Sections C and D, before attempting this question. 6 Evaluate the view that Latin American countries cannot develop whilst the USA remains the dominant global superpower. 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(Total for Question 6 = 24 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS *P62636A* Turn over Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Paper Reference 9GE0/03 Afternoon (Time 2 hours 15 minutes) Thursday 11 June 2020 Geography Advanced Paper 3 Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. P62636A ©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 2 P62636A BLANK PAGE 3 Turn over P62636A SECTION A Political and economic dependence have been key features of the history of Latin (South and Central) America. Conquered by Spain and Portugal in the sixteenth century, most of the continent established its political independence by the 1820s. However, the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires of Latin America had reduced the indigenous population to the status of slaves. The conquest led to a demographic disaster; the population collapsed from 40 million to 4 million by 1650. Black slaves from Africa helped make up the losses. Spain and Portugal exploited the Americas for whatever natural resources they could find, for example the ‘silver mountain’ at Potosi in Bolivia. Thus, Latin America became a region supplying natural resources. Venezuela Costa Rica Panama Ecuador Peru Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Argentina Chile Falkland Islands South Georgia Brazil Colombia Guyana Suriname French Guiana Panama City San Jose Bogota Quito Lima La Paz Georgetown Paramaribo Cayenne Brasilia Asuncion Montevideo Buenos Aires Santiago South Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean N 500kms Caracas Figure 1 – South America showing national borders and capital cities 4 P62636A Independence, of a sort, did come to Latin America. The wars of independence were led by land owning elites against the colonial powers, Spain and Portugal. These were wars about gaining economic and political control. Since gaining independence, the newly formed nations have largely relied on exporting raw and semi-processed materials rather than developing manufacturing industries. 2. Oil 1. Bananas 4. Clothes and shoes 1. Raw sugar 1. Coffee 6. Electronics 4. Clothes and shoes 5. Passenger and cargo ships 2. Gas 1. Soya beans 3. Sulphate chemical woodpulp 1. Soya beans 3. Refined copper 1. Soya beans 3. Refined copper 1. Bananas 3. Gold 1. Raw sugar 4. Knit t-shirts 3. Gold 3. Aluminium oxide 5. Passenger and cargo ships 5. Cars Food / Drink Oil and gas Precious metals / minerals Clothes and shoes Machinery / Transportation Electronics Other Key: 5. Passenger and cargo ships 2. Refined petroleum 2. Petroleum gas 7. Other 2. Petroleum gas 1. Hard liquor 2 .Oil 3. Copper ore 1. Nutmeg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. Other N 500kms Figure 2 – Countries of Latin America showing their most important export by value, in 2018 5 Turn over P62636A Top 5 Exports from Latin America to the rest of the world Value in US$ billion Top 5 imports to Latin America from the rest of the world Value in US$ billion Crude oil 39 Refined oil 44 Copper ore 25 Integrated circuits 18 Soya beans 25 Automobiles 16 Automobiles 24 Electrical transmission equipment 11 Gold 18 Medicines 10 Figure 3a – Latin America's five most valuable exports and imports in 2016 0.00 1913 1920 1927 1934 1941 1948 1955 1962 1969 1976 1983 1990 1997 2004 2011 2016 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 First World War Agricultural and mineral/fuel prices (mean = 1.00) ‘Best fit’ line Second World War Oil crisis Rise of China Figure 3b – The changes in global prices for agricultural and mineral/fuel products, 1913–2016 6 P62636A Perhaps one of the most significant issues for Latin America continues to be the unequal distribution of income. One of the most obvious causes of this is the unequal distribution of land ownership (see Figures 4 and 5). Key: <0.25 0.25–0.29 0.30–0.34 0.35–0.39 0.40–0.44 0.50–0.54 0.55–0.59 >0.60 No data 0.45–0.49 Figure 4 – Global variations in the Gini Coefficient for income (larger numbers = more unequal income distribution) TOTAL LATIN AMERICA Peru Chile Paraguay Bolivia Brazil Venezuela Argentina Ecuador Uruguay Largest 1% Remaining 99% 0% 20% 10% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 77.0% 23.0% 74.5% 25.5% 71.3% 28.7% 65.7% 34.3% 48.8% 44.4% 55.6% 40.5% 59.5% 35.9% 64.1% 22.6% 77.4% 18.7% 81.3 % 51.2% Figure 5 – Land distribution in selected Latin American countries showing the percentage of land owned by the largest 1% of landowners compared with the other 99% 7 Turn over P62636A SECTION B Environmental Impacts Countries that rely on exporting raw materials have a significant impact on their environments. Latin America has some of the most fragile and threatened ecosystems on the planet. Globally, land use change (mainly deforestation) is the second largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This causes a net reduction of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems as well as biodiversity loss. Central and South America is the global region with the highest net carbon emissions resulting from land use change (see Figure 6). These land use changes are both a direct impact of previously forested land being turned into commercial farmland and mining areas and an indirect impact as landless peasant farmers are displaced into forested environments. 2001 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Total forest loss (km2) Cumulative % loss Total forest loss (km2) × 10 000 Cumulative % loss 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Figure 6 – Total forest loss and cumulative forest loss in Latin America, 2001–2013 8 P62636A São Paulo Rio de Janerio Caribbean Coral reefs at risk Sea-level rise concerns Lima Santiago Montevideo La Plata delta Sea-level rise concerns Salvador Recife Key South America Cities Population density Climate change hotspot More precipitation Less precipitation Negative agricultural changes Changes in ecosystems Reduced water availability Depletion of fisheries Melting of glaciers Coral bleaching Sea-level rise concerns and affected major cities More than 20 million inhabitants Dense 10–20 million inhabitants 5–9.9 million inhabitants 1– 4.9 million inhabitants (selected cities) Risk of desertification Moderate Sparse Amazonia Cerrado Buenos Aires Bogota N 500kms Mexico City Figure 7 – The impact of climate change on Latin America, 2018 9 Turn over P62636A SECTION C Still the ‘backyard’? Since the Second World War the USA has been the dominant neo-colonial power in Latin America. Dismissively regarded as the ‘backyard’, the whole continent has been subjected to numerous interventions from its rich and powerful northern neighbour. From 1898 to 2016, the US government has intervened successfully to change governments in Latin America at least 56 times (see Figure 8). These interventions involved the use of US military forces, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or local citizens employed by US government agencies. In both the United States and Latin America, economic interests are often seen as the underlying cause of US interventions. Key Selected US intervention US military base in country (including troops) US troops currently on the ground Panama 1989 US bombing forces regime change, killing 2,000+ Chile 1973 CIA-backed coup ousts popular, democratically elected socialist president Dominican Republic 1965 Bombing and US troop invasion during elections to prevent election of left-wing leader Puerto Rico 1950 Holding island as a colony since 1898. US helps crush rebellion demanding independence Grenada 1983–84 US bombing and invasion after popular revolution Venezuela 2002 US-backed coup kills civilians, kidnaps President Hugo Chavez before the Venezuelan people force his return Guatemala 1954 CIA directs bombing, invasion and coup after newly elected government nationalises United Fruit Company lands, killing 200,000+ Cuba 1961 CIA leads Bay of Pigs invasion to topple revolution, but are defeated by Cuban people Nicaragua 1981–90 CIA funds death squads against popular people’s movement, murdering 50,000+ and destroying movement El Salvador 1981–92 US funds and trains death squads to crush the popular people’s movement, killing 75,000+ Haiti 2004 US troops remove democratically elected left-wing President Aristide: US troops occupy country Honduras 2009 US-backed coup removes democratically elected president Figure 8 – Examples of United States interventions in Latin America 10 P62636A SECTION D Bolivia – both challenged and challenging Landlocked and challenged by its geography Bolivia has long been one of the poorest, and most divided, countries in Latin America (see Figure 9). Although landlocked, Bolivia has a claim to be the most environmentally diverse country in the world. It has glaciers in the Andean cordilleras (ranges), a cold and windswept Altiplano (high plain), a temperate rainforest of the Valles Yungas and a tropical rainforest and savannah in the eastern lowlands. With a population of 10 million in a country that is about 1 million km2 it is very lightly populated. The highest densities are in and around the main cities of La Paz and Sucre on the Altiplano. It is the only Latin American country with a majority of indigenous (native) people. Most live on the Altiplano as subsistence farmers growing a variety of cash crops, including coca. This is chewed as a leaf throughout the Andean region but also the key ingredient for cocaine; a target for the US government’s ‘War on Drugs’. Bolivia was best known to Europeans for Cerro Rico (silver mountain) at Potosi exploited by the Spanish for 300 years. Potosi silver funded Spain’s power but the mines were worked by enslaved indigenous peoples. 11 Turn over P62636A 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 1500 1000 500 300 150 0 Height (m) N 0 200 km The Altiplano at 4000 metres with the Western Cordillera of the Andes in the distance The so-called ‘Death Road’ in the Valles Yungas, the only route between the Altiplano and Santa Cruz in the tropical lowlands Land cleared for soya in the Santa Cruz region Cerro Rico (Silver mountain) at Potosi La Paz Sucre Figure 9 – Views of Bolivia 12 P62636A In 2005, after successive governments dominated by the ethnically European land owning elite, Evo Morales became president. He was the first indigenous American to be elected on the continent. He symbolically renamed the country as the ‘Plurinational Republic of Bolivia’. Morales was elected twice more. In 2014, he received 61% of the total vote even winning the lowland ‘conservative’ and ethnically European state of Santa Cruz. However in 2019 he lost power in a disputed election and the future direction of Bolivia is uncertain. Previously the economic history of Bolivia was based on the extraction and production of resources for export; successively silver, tin, gas, soya and most recently lithium. In power, Morales was an anti-imperialist and tried to develop Bolivia in ways that opposed the free-market version of globalisation. He undertook modest land reform, raised corporate taxes and partly nationalised the gas industry. He used this money to address the low levels of social development on the Altiplano (see Figure 10). In doing so he alienated the wealthy elite, deprived of power since his election and some foreign governments (especially the United States) but he also found it difficult to keep his own supporters happy with what they saw as the slow pace of reform. He sought to build external relations with emerging countries that have used ‘soft’ power to extend their influence in both Africa and Latin America, most notably China and South Korea. Lithium is found in globally important quantities on the Altiplano. Lithium batteries are key to the development of electric cars. Ideally Bolivia would develop both the batteries, and even the cars, in a joint project with transnational corporations (TNCs), needed for their expertise and investment. Santa Cruz Beni Pando La Paz Oruro Potosi Tarija Chuquisaca Cochabamba Region of Bolivia N Percentage below the poverty line: Lake Titicaca 17.0% – 59.9% 60.0% – 84.9% 85.0% – 94.9% 95.0% – 97.9% 98.0% – 100% 200kms Regional boundary Figure 10 – The pattern of poverty in Bolivia and its regions 13 P62636A Another significant project is a proposed ‘ocean-to-ocean’ rail line from the Pacific to the Atlantic funded by the Chinese, German and French governments and backed by the Bolivian government. This project concerns both environmentalists and human rights groups. Many argue that the proposed route will damage the Amazonian ecosystem and negatively affect vulnerable indigenous communities both socially and culturally. PERU BOLIVIA BRAZIL PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN URUGUAY La Paz Santa Cruz Arica Antofagasta Rosario Buenos Aires Salta Asuncion São Paulo Campo Grande Santos Rio de Janeiro Key Main route Local routes 0 400 km Tucumán N Figure 11 – The planned ocean to ocean rail route connecting Bolivia to both oceans 14 P62636A BLANK PAGE 15 P62636A BLANK PAGE 16 P62636A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1: https://www.ezilon.com/maps/south-american-continent-maps.html Figure 2: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/top-export-every-country- map.html Figure 3b: adapted from https://www.itau.com.br/itaubba-en/economic-analysis/publications/macro- vision/commodities-in-a-secular-decline-are-we-back-to-the-trend Figure 4: http://www.geocurrents.info/economic-geography/difficulties-calculating-inequality-and-the- gini-coefficient Figure 5: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12803918/ (Slide 4) Figure 6: https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo4/outlook-grulac-en.pdf Figure 7: https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/maps Figure 8: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/234539093070934658 Figure 9: https://www.mapsofworld.com/physical-map/bolivia-physical-map.html Figure 10b: https://www.bcb.gob.bo/eeb/sites/default/files/9eeb/archivos/Jueves/402/Factores%20 climaticos%20asociados%20al%20analisis%20de%20la%20pobreza%20en%20Bolivia%20Datos%20de%20 corte%20transversal%20-%202012.pdf (page 36) Figure 11: https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Bolivia-Brazil-Paraguay-Peru-Agree-on-Framework-for- South-Americas-Bi-Oceanic-Railway-20180616-0004.html
13 (A110U10-1) © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 10. (a) Use Figure 6 to describe the changing pattern of manufacturing employment. [5] (b) Suggest two consequences of the decline in manufacturing employment for people living in Melbourne. [8] Either, 11. Examine the view that gentrification benefits both rich and poor residents. [15] Or, 12. Examine the roles played by local groups and external agencies in the rebranding of one or more rural places. [15] END OF PAPER BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 14 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 15 © WJEC CBAC Ltd.
Turn over 3 2 (a) Table 1 below shows the area of the northern hemisphere covered by either snow or ice in January and July for selected years between 1970 and 2020. Year Area in million km2 January Rank Order Area in million km2 July Rank Order d d2 1970 48.26 3 4.94 2= 0.5 0.25 1975 44.95 11 4.60 4 7 49 1980 45.91 9 5.40 1 8 64 1985 50.18 1 4.94 2= –1.5 2.25 1990 45.67 10 2.97 8 2 4 1995 46.13 8 3.97 5 3 9 2000 47.61 4 3.55 6= –2.5 6.25 2005 46.56 6 3.55 6= –0.5 2010 48.84 2 2.51 10 –8 64 2015 47.15 5 2.52 9 –4 16 2020 46.36 7 2.41 11 –4 16 Σd2= Table 1 Complete Table 1 by calculating the value of d2 for the year 2005 and then calculating the value of Σd2 (2) Using the formula below, now calculate Rs. Rs 1 6 2 3 d n n Give your answer to two decimal places. You must show your working. (2) Rs = .............................................................. 4 (b) Explain why the data used in Table 1 might not be a reliable guide to the impact of global warming on snow and ice coverage. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)
Turn over 5 3 Study Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the evidence that Arctic and Antarctic temperature changes are extreme. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)
6 4 Study Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the global implications of climate change in these polar regions. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 4 = 8 marks)
Turn over 7 5 Study the resources in Section B of the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that the exploitation of resources in the Arctic and Antarctica will create more costs than benefits. 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(Total for Question 5 = 18 marks) Turn over 9 You should have read the whole of the Resource Booklet before attempting this question, including Section C. 6 Evaluate the view that the Arctic is more likely to be a focus of both short-term and long-term political conflict than Antarctica. 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(Total for Question 6 = 24 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS 11 BLANK PAGE 12 BLANK PAGE Turn over *P66495A* Paper reference Time P66495A ©2021 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1 Geography Advanced PAPER 3 2 hours 15 minutes 9GE0/03 Resource Booklet Do not return this Booklet with the question paper. Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P66495A SECTION A To the ends of the Earth The Arctic is the area that lies north of the Arctic Circle. The circle more or less marks the southern boundary of the region that experiences 24 hours of sunlight in summer and 24 hours of darkness in winter. Most of the continent of Antarctica lies within the southern hemisphere equivalent: the Antarctic Circle (see Figure 1). The Arctic and Antarctic are contrasting in that the Arctic is an ocean almost completely surrounded by land whereas Antarctica is a continent completely surrounded by ocean. The Antarctic continent and the Arctic Ocean are approximately the same size, at 15 million km2. They include the two major ice sheets on the planet. Antarctica has approximately 26.5 million km3 and Greenland 2.8 million km3 of ice. Together this ice locks up about 70% of the Earth’s freshwater, and if it melted would raise sea levels by 66 metres. The climates of the two regions have similarities but also differences. Both poles are very dry and relatively cold. However, Arctic summer temperatures can reach 10° C, whilst on the thick high-altitude ice sheet temperatures stay considerably below 0° C. In both regions there have been significant changes in average temperatures (see Figures 2, 3 and 4). Arctic Circle 66.33° N Antarctic Circle 66.33° S 180° 60°W Figure 1 3 Turn over P66495A 1980 2000 2015 2 1 0 −1 −2 Difference from average temperature (°C) Arctic Global 1980–2015 average Figure 2 Global and Arctic temperature changes, 1980–2015 4 P66495A Figure 3 Mean annual Antarctic temperature changes, 1980–2016 Temperature Trend (°C/year) -0.1 -0.05 +0.05 0 +0.1 5 Turn over P66495A Sea-ice is found in both regions but is rarely thicker than 2 metres. The area covered by sea-ice varies according to the seasons, and has varied over both historic and geological time. In both hemispheres sea-ice can reach an area of between 12–15 million km2 (see Figure 4). 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1.60 1.20 0.80 0.40 0.00 −0.40 −0.80 −1.20 −1.60 Sea-ice extent, relative to 1980 to 2015 (million sq km) Antarctic 1980–2015 average Arctic Figure 4 Sea-ice changes in the Arctic and Antarctic, 1980–2015 6 P66495A The impact of climate change has been significant in both polar regions and the long- term impacts of changes in Antarctica will be particularly challenging (see Figure 5). However, recently its impact has been especially notable in the Arctic. This is partly because of its greater geopolitical significance and partly because 2m thick sea-ice is much more vulnerable to global warming than large and very thick ice-sheets. Most climate models predict that summer sea-ice in the Arctic will disappear by the end of this century (see Figure 6). Figure 5 Antarctic changes 7 Turn over P66495A Figure 6 Past and future summer Arctic sea-ice 8 P66495A SECTION B People and Resources About 4 million people live within the Arctic Circle, which has been settled for at least 10,000 years. Indigenous peoples form a significant proportion of the Arctic populations of most of the countries with some part of their land mass inside the Arctic Circle: Norway, Russia, Greenland (Denmark), the USA and Canada (see Figure 8). Antarctica was discovered in the first half of the nineteenth century and has no permanent population. It has a large number of polar research centres that are ‘home’ to between 1,000 and 5,000 scientists according to the season. There is also, controversially, a growing tourist industry that attracted over 50,000 visitors in 2019 (see Figure 7). Figure 7 Antarctic tourism Both regions have enormous mineral resources, not least oil and gas reserves. These have been inaccessible partly because of the technical and climatic challenges. At present, it is the Arctic resources that are attracting most interest (see Figure 8). However, Antarctic waters have some of the richest and least exploited fisheries in the world. Antarctica’s continental shelf is geologically very similar to the richest oil and gas bearing strata found in Australia and South Africa, once part of the same super continent as Antarctica. The Antarctic land mass probably has significant mineral resources, but with current technology they are beyond reach. 9 Turn over P66495A 100 50–99 30–49 10–29 <10 Indigenous Inuit population Indigenous Sami population North Pole ARCTIC OCEAN RUSSIA Siberia Greenland Sea ICELAND GREENLAND (to Denmark) ALASKA (to United States) FINLAND SVALBARD (to Norway) Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Disko Bay LOMONOSOV RIDGE Areas where oil and gas might be discovered, showing the probability of making a discovery in this location as a % Key: Agreed national offshore boundaries 200-nautical mile limit ARCTIC CIRCLE Figure 8 Oil and gas resources in the Arctic 10 P66495A Amongst the most significant ‘resources’ that may result from the changing environment of the Arctic is a possible new shorter trade route between East Asia and Europe. This is of value not just to Russia but also to China and Japan. It is estimated that the new route through the Arctic would reduce transport costs by as much as US$ 120 trillion a year. 35 days via northeast passage 48 days via Suez Canal Key: Suez Canal ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN Figure 9 Trade routes between Asia and Europe 11 Turn over P66495A SECTION C Power and borders Antarctica is unique because no one country has control of its territory or its resources. Despite the claims made in the first half of the 20th century (see Figure 10) the Antarctic Treaty of 1961 established the continent as international, not national. Initially signed by 12 ‘local’ southern hemisphere countries and northern hemisphere countries that had played a role in its exploration, it now has 53 members. The aims of the treaty are to: • ensure that it is only exploited for peaceful purposes • promote international scientific cooperation • set aside disputes and claims over territorial sovereignty. There are currently 70 permanent research stations scattered across the continent of Antarctica. All the major superpowers are represented. The treaty has yet to be tested and there are no powers of enforcement should it be breached in the future. It is due to be reviewed in 2048. 12 P66495A Chinese research station US research station Russian research station Other research station Marine protected area (MPA) Ice shelf Key: King George Island Larsen Ice Shelf South Orkney Islands southern shelf MPA SOUTHERN OCEAN 0° 60th parallel Antarctic Circle SOUTHERN OCEAN Ross Sea Ross Sea region MPA SOUTHERN OCEAN Krill research zone SOUTHERN OCEAN Weddell Sea Ronne Ice Shelf Ross Ice Shelf Thwaites Glacier Amundsen-Scott, the US research station, has been at the South Pole since 1956 Fifth Chinese research station under construction on Inexpressible Island Figure 10 Territorial claims and research stations in the Antarctic, 2015 13 Turn over P66495A The laws governing the oceans are complex. All countries have territorial sovereignty over the first 200 nautical miles of sea bed off their coastline, called the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). Beyond the EEZs, the sea belongs to no nation. However, the Law of the Sea allows some nations to extend their claims if their continental shelf extends into international waters beyond their EEZ. Under this clause, Russia has claimed the seabed and the marine resources around the Lomonosov ridge, an underwater mountain ridge crossing the Arctic (see Figure 11). In the case of Antarctica with no territorial sovereignty and its nearest land neighbour nearly 1,000 km away, its coastal waters are also international. Key: Arctic territorial claims Beyond 200-nautical-mile limit RUSSIA ARCTIC CIRCLE – 66°33N GREENLAND (to Denmark) PACIFIC OCEAN Bering Sea Lomonosov ridge DENMARK SVALBARD (to Norway) ATLANTIC OCEAN FAROES (to Denmark) Agreed offshore national boundaries 200-nautical-mile limit North Pole Denmark Canada United States Russia Norway Unclaimed ARCTIC OCEAN CANADA ALASKA (to United States) NORWAY UNCLAIMED Figure 11 Territorial claims in the Arctic 14 P66495A With by far the longest Arctic coastline Russia has the most to gain from the opening up of the Arctic Ocean. Along with other regional powers it has militarised the region, reviving old bases and opening new ones. In the opinion of some, the Arctic is the next battleground in the Cold War (see Figure 12). ASIA NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN North Pole USA CANADA NORWAY RUSSIA GREENLAND DENMARK ARCTIC CIRCLE USA Norway Denmark/Greenland Russia Canada Key: Arctic military bases Figure 12 Military bases in the Arctic 15 P66495A BLANK PAGE 16 P66495A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 2 (Source: https://mashable.com/2016/12/13/warmest-year-arctic-ice-melt-report/?europe=true) Figure 3 (Source: NOAA Climate.gov) Figure 4 (Source: NOAA Climate.gov) Figure 5 (Source: Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences) Figure 6 (Source: https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/future-arctic-shipping) Figure 7 (Source: Joe Sohm/Visions of America / Contributor/Getty Images & Michel Setboun / Contributor/ Getty Images) Figure 12 (Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-arctic/the-political-arctic/)
Turn over 5 2 Study Figure 1 below. Spending (US$ billion) Country 2000 2017 Brazil 11 29 China 23 205 India 14 64 Japan 46 45 Russia 9 66 UK 35 47 USA 301 615 Total military spending 439 1071 Figure 1 Military spending by selected countries (a) (i) Calculate the percentage (%) increase in military spending for the USA between 2000 and 2017. Give your answer to one decimal place. You must show your working. (2) .............................................................. % (ii) Calculate the ratio of USA to China’s military spending in 2017. (1) .............................................................. 6 (iii) Identify the country that had the fastest rate of growth in military spending between 2000 and 2017. (1) .............................................................. (iv) Assess the view that hard power is essential in achieving superpower status. 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(Total for Question 2 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 32 MARKS Turn over 9 SECTION B Shaping Places Answer ONE question in this section – either Question 3 OR Question 4. If you answer Question 3 put a cross in the box . Regenerating Places. You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 3 (a) Study Figure 2 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one reason average wages per week differ between urban places. 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Suggest why urban places in less successful regions may suffer from a spiral of decline. 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Turn over 11 (b) You have studied your local place and a contrasting place. Explain the changes in the demographic characteristics of one of these places. 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(Total for Question 3 = 35 marks) 16 Do not answer Question 4 if you have answered Question 3 If you answer Question 4 put a cross in the box . Diverse Places You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 4 (a) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. (i) Suggest one reason the percentage of foreign-born people differs between urban places. 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Turn over 17 (ii) Study Figure 3 in the Resource Booklet. Suggest why urban places have different population growth rates. 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Explain the changes in the cultural characteristics of one of these places. 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Turn over 19 (c) Evaluate the reasons why changes in land use in diverse places are often controversial. 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(Total for Question 4 = 35 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 35 MARKS Turn over 23 SECTION C Global Development and Connections Answer ONE question in this section – either Question 5 OR Question 6. If you answer Question 5 put a cross in the box . Health, Human rights and Intervention You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 5 (a) Explain one reason why life expectancy varies within a country. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 (b) Study Figure 4 in the Resource Booklet. Suggest why some developing and emerging countries have had more success in reducing poverty than others. 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Turn over 25 (c) Explain why economic development may have negative impacts on minority groups and the environments where they live. 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Turn over 27 (d) Evaluate the view that global differences in human rights inevitably result in geopolitical interventions. 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(Total for Question 5 = 38 marks) Turn over 31 Do not answer Question 6 if you have answered Question 5. If you answer Question 6 put a cross in the box . Migration, Identity and Sovereignty You must use the Resource Booklet provided. 6 (a) Explain one reason why many national borders are contested. 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Explain why many governments have mixed attitudes to the emergence of tax-havens. 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Turn over 33 (c) Explain why globalisation may cause political tensions within nations. 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Turn over 35 (d) Evaluate the view that increased globalisation inevitably results in international migration. 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(Total for Question 6 = 38 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 38 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 105 MARKS 39 BLANK PAGE 40 BLANK PAGE Turn over *P66494A* Paper reference Time 2 hours 15 minutes Geography Advanced PAPER 2 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 9GE0/02 Resource Booklet Do not return this Booklet with the question paper. P66494A ©2021 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1 2 P66494A SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 3. Urban places (region) Cambridge (East) Derby (East Midlands) Wigan (North West) Slough (South East) UK Average wages (£ per week) 609 595 436 606 539 Number of patents registered (per 100 000 people) 270 81 3 30 18 % of working population with higher education 58 32 27 39 38 % of city with ultrafast broadband 94 91 91 88 56 Figure 2 Information about four urban places compared to the UK average, 2018 3 Turn over P66494A The following resource relates to Question 4. Urban area (region) Coventry (West Midlands) Blackpool (North West) Peterborough (East of England) Bath (South West) UK % population foreign- born 25 4 24 12 14 % population change 2017–2018 1.84 −0.4 1.07 0.9 0.6 Fertility rate 1.47 1.98 2.15 1.48 1.70 Average wages (£ per week) 532 500 497 473 539 Figure 3 Information about four urban places compared to the UK average, 2018 4 P66494A SECTION C The following resource relates to Question 5b. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 % of population living below national poverty line Vietnam Tunisia Philippines India Kenya Bolivia Haiti Honduras Zimbabwe South Sudan Key: Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean North Africa Asia Figure 4 Percentage (%) of population living below the national poverty line for selected countries, 2019 5 P66494A The following resource relates to Question 6b. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 The TNC profits received (US$ billion), 2019 Ireland Caribbean* Singapore Switzerland Netherlands Luxembourg Puerto Rico Hong Kong Bermuda Belgium Key: Asia Europe Central America * Caribbean includes Cayman Islands, Panama, The Bahamas and British Virgin Islands Figure 5 Top ten tax-haven countries receiving Transnational Corporation (TNC) profits in 2019 6 P66494A BLANK PAGE 7 P66494A BLANK PAGE 8 P66494A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1 Source from: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex Figure 2 Source from: https://www.centreforcities.org/publication/cities-outlook-2019/ Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Figure 3 Source from: Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Figure 4 Source from: http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/home/ Figure 5 Source from: www.consultancy.lat
4 2 (a) Table 1 below shows data for the environmental vulnerability of two different groups of states, the 47 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and the other 187 countries. A Chi-squared test was used to establish whether there was a statistically significant difference in the environmental vulnerability of the SIDS and the Other States. The null hypothesis tested was: There is no significant association between the level of environmental vulnerability of a state and its status as a Small Island Developing State. The alternative hypothesis was: There is a significant association between the level of environmental vulnerability of a state and its status as a Small Island Developing State. The data for both O (the observed values) and E (the expected values) are shown below in Table 1. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Level of vulnerability/ resilience SIDS O SIDS E SIDS (O–E)2 / E Other States O Other States E Other States (O–E)2 / E TOTAL Column 3 + Column 6 Extremely vulnerable 17 6.8 15.3 17 27.2 3.8 19.1 Highly vulnerable 17 12.3 1.8 44 48.7 0.5 2.3 Vulnerable 9 16.5 3.4 73 65.5 0.8 4.2 At risk 3 8.6 3.6 40 34.4 Resilient 1 2.8 1.2 13 11.2 0.3 1.5 TOTAL 47 47 25.3 187 187 χ2 = Table 1 Turn over 5 (i) Calculate the total for (O–E)2 / E for the ‘At risk’ category for Other States (Column 6). Answer to one decimal place. You must show your working. (2) (O–E)2 / E = .............................................................. (ii) Calculate the value of χ2, using the formula below. 2 2 O E E Answer to one decimal place. You must show your working. (2) χ2 = .............................................................. 6 (b) The result shows that the null hypothesis should be rejected and the alternative hypothesis (shown below) accepted at the 99% confidence level. Alternative hypothesis There is a significant association between the level of environmental vulnerability of a state and its status as a Small Island Developing State. Explain how this result might be used to guide further research into the environmental vulnerability of SIDS. 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(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks) Turn over 7 3 Study Figure 1 and Figure 2 in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the similarities and differences in the locations and sizes of SIDS. 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(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks) Turn over 9 4 Study Figure 3, Figure 4a and Figure 4b in Section A of the Resource Booklet. Analyse the social consequences for countries with small land areas and small populations. 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(Total for Question 4 = 8 marks) Turn over 11 5 Study the resources in Section B of the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that geographical isolation has been the main barrier to the sustainable development of SIDS. 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(Total for Question 5 = 18 marks) 14 You should have read the whole of the Resource Booklet, including Section C, before attempting this question. 6 Evaluate the view that without significant global action to address climate change, the future of SIDS is one of decline. 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(Total for Question 6 = 24 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS 18 BLANK PAGE 19 BLANK PAGE 20 BLANK PAGE Turn over Paper reference *P70937A* P70937A ©2022 Pearson Education Ltd. Q:1/1/1/1/1/1 Geography Advanced PAPER 3 9GE0/03 Time 2 hours 15 minutes Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Resource Booklet Do not return this Booklet with the question paper. 2 P70937A SECTION A The characteristics of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) In 1992 the United Nations (UN) identified a group of maritime countries that faced particular challenges. Known since as ‘Small Island Developing States’ (SIDS), not all of these countries are recognised states, nor are they all actually islands (e.g. Belize). An estimated 65 million people live in SIDS, less than 1% of the global population. There is no official list of members. Most UN led SIDS projects include well over 50 countries, of which 38 are full members of the UN (Figure 1), with others being territories that still belong to the old colonial powers (e.g. the British Virgin Islands). They are usually divided into three geographical groups, Caribbean (C), Pacific (P) and the countries in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) (Figure 1). The Federated States of Micronesia Palau Papua New Guinea Nauru Republic of Kiribati Solomon Islands Tuvalu Samoa Tonga Fiji Vanuatu Marshall Islands Pacific SIDS The Bahamas Dominican Republic St Kitts and Nevis Antigua and Barbuda Dominica St Lucia Barbados St Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname Haiti Jamaica Belize Cuba Caribbean SIDS Grenada Atlantic and Indian Ocean SIDS Maldives São Tomé and Principe Seychelles Singapore Mauritius AIMS Bahrain Comoros Timor-Leste Cabo Verde Guinea -Bissau Figure 1 The 38 SIDS that are full members of the United Nations 3 Turn over P70937A The SIDS group varies in landscape, population, resources, and levels of development. The challenges faced by these states are considerable and often include: • Small populations, although some are also growing fast, placing pressure on resources • Small land areas with limited resources as a result, especially water, energy and food • Enormous marine resources within the 200 nautical miles covered by a country’s offshore Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), with 30% of the world’s oceans and seas controlled by SIDS, but a limited capacity to manage these zones • Remoteness; many SIDS, especially in the Pacific, are remote and dispersed – Kiribati is made up of 33 coral atolls spread over 3.5 million km2 – an area larger than India • High levels of out migration including more educated people (brain drain) and a reliance on remittances (money sent home by expatriates) • Limited and sometimes problematic connectivity to the global economy; this affects tourism and leads to a dependency on imports • The number of natural hazards, both tectonic and hydro-meteorological threats • Climate change, rising sea levels, ocean acidification and loss of biodiversity, e.g. loss of coral reefs C = Caribbean P = Pacific AIMS = Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea Land area (km 2) Agricultural area (km 2) Islands EEZ (km 2) Population (2015) Population density (per km 2) Remoteness rank (1–186) 1 is most remote Bahamas (C) 10,010 150 1,897 629,293 371,960 37 144 Haiti (C) 27,750 18,526 40 117,376 11,263,079 405 68 Jamaica (C) 10,830 4,490 47 263,283 2,768,941 256 90 Cabo Verde (AIMS) 4,030 750 36 796,840 494,401 123 80 Comoros (AIMS) 1,861 1,550 21 164,691 717,503 386 18 Maldives (AIMS) 300 70 900 916,189 338,442 1,128 46 Fiji (P) 18,270 4,276 463 1,281,122 874,472 48 7 Nauru (P) 20 4 1 308,502 10,032 502 12 Samoa (P) 2,830 350 13 131,812 188,889 67 4 Vanuatu (P) 12,190 1,870 156 827,891 247,262 20 3 Figure 2 Geographical data for 10 selected SIDS 4 P70937A The island of Malé in the Maldives The highest point in the Maldives is just 5 metres above sea level. In 2009 the Maldivian President drew attention to the country’s perilous future by holding a cabinet meeting under water. However, the Maldives remains heavily dependent on international tourism. A Jamaican resort and golf course The Caribbean SIDS are a favourite destination for American tourists visiting by cruise ship and by plane on all‑inclusive holidays. The environmental impact is negative, especially for marine environments, above all coral reefs and mangrove forests. A volcanic island in Vanuatu Most Pacific SIDS are made up of highly dispersed islands and atolls. Many of these are uninhabited and most are too remote to attract tourists. In common with many other SIDS, their experience of colonialism was almost wholly negative. Haiti after the 2010 earthquake Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas with a complex and often unhappy relationship with the USA. Twelve years after the 2010 earthquake and despite over US$13bn in aid it has still not recovered. It is regarded as a ‘fragile’ state by some analysts, by others as a victim of neo-colonialism. Figure 3 The varied landscapes of SIDS 5 Turn over P70937A Average emigration rates of SIDS are far above those of other developing countries and high-income countries. This is true for low-skilled workers (15.6%, i.e. about 13 percentage points above the average level of other developing countries) and for college graduates (50.8%, i.e. about 37 percentage points above the average level of other developing countries). SIDS with the largest brain drain rates of college graduates are Guyana (89.2%), Jamaica (84.7%), Grenada (84.3%), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (81.9%), Haiti (79.0%), Tonga (75.6%) and Samoa (73.4%). Other SIDS have no higher education facilities whatsoever. –20 –15 –10 Net migration rate, 2010–2015 Personal remittances received (as a percentage of GDP), 2010–2012 –5 0 5 Tonga Samoa St Vincent and the Grenadines Guyana Grenada Cabo Verde Fiji Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic Trinidad and Tobago São Tomé and Principe Antigua and Barbuda Maldives Vanuatu Mauritius Saint Lucia Barbados Belize 0 5 10 15 20 25 Figure 4a Migration rates and remittances for selected SIDS 6 P70937A Small Island Developing State Region Human Development Index rank highest to lowest Barbados C 58 Mauritius AIMS 66 Trinidad and Tobago C 67 Grenada C 74 Antigua and Barbuda C 78 Saint Lucia C 86 Dominican Republic C 88 Fiji P 93 Maldives AIMS 95 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines C 97 Jamaica C 101 Tonga P 104 Samoa P 111 Guyana C 122 Cabo Verde AIMS 126 São Tomé and Principe AIMS 135 Vanuatu P 140 Timor-Leste P 141 Papua New Guinea P 155 Haiti C 170 Figure 4b Human Development Index for 20 selected SIDS, 2020 7 Turn over P70937A SECTION B The vulnerabilities of SIDS The small size of most SIDS (17 of them are smaller than 1,000 km2) is an obstacle to economic development because there is limited scope to develop economies of scale, which in turn prevents the development of a manufacturing sector. Most SIDS have narrowly based economies that depend on just a few products and resources due to their small domestic markets, distance from international markets, high production costs and limited competitiveness. This leads to an almost total dependence on imported products (including fossil fuels but also food), partially paid for by exporting any available raw materials and allowing the development of tourism, often foreign owned and controlled. SIDS are, on average, more severely indebted than other developing countries. In 2014, the SIDS’ debt to GDP ratios stood at, on average, 57% as compared to 44% in all other middle- and low-income countries. Their vulnerability also makes them unattractive for foreign investors, so some SIDS governments have offered financial services with low tax rates. In 2015 the European Union identified 30 countries as tax havens; more than half were SIDS. 2000 5 6 3 4 9 10 GDP growth rate (%) 7 8 0 1 2 2005 2010 2015 Other developing countries SIDS Key Year Figure 5 Economic growth rates for SIDS and other developing countries, 2000–2015 8 P70937A Ninety per cent of SIDS are in the tropics (Figure 6). Many are affected by extreme weather events, especially tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes). Climate variability, droughts and flooding are also features of their climate. The El Niño Southern Oscillation events also produce dramatic changes in rainfall, rising sea levels and other weather‑related phenomena. Tropical cyclone frequency Equator Key SIDS High Low Figure 6 The frequency of tropical cyclones, 1990–2015 9 Turn over P70937A SIDS Low-income countries Lower middle- income countries Upper middle- income countries High-income countries 22,621 17,647 17% Total damage in US($) millions Key Damage as a % of GDP 17% 7% 6% 3% 156,438 453,034 1,181,470 Figure 7 The costs of tectonic and hydro-meteorological hazards for selected groups of countries, 2000–2020 10 P70937A SIDS were especially exposed to the 2020/21 collapse in international travel (Figure 8). Low-income countries experienced, on average, a 1% fall in their GDPs but SIDS suffered a 4.7% fall. Country Tourism as % of GDP, 2019 Change (%) in GDP, 2019–2021 Government debt as % of GDP, 2019 Maldives (AIMS) 66 –17 48 Seychelles (AIMS) 66 –16 198 St Kitts and Nevis (C) 63 –16 20 Grenada (C) 56 –14 59 Vanuatu (P) 48 –12 46 Cabo Verde (AIMS) 46 –12 89 St Vincent and the Grenadines (C) 46 –12 38 Antigua and Barbuda (C) 45 –11 34 St Lucia (C) 43 –11 35 Palau (P) 43 –11 31 Bahamas (C) 40 –10 194 Fiji (P) 40 –10 17 Figure 8 The impact of a decline in tourism on the 12 most affected SIDS 11 Turn over P70937A SECTION C The challenges to come Almost all SIDS depend heavily on fossil fuels for power production, the desalination of water, but also transport which includes tourists, the main source of foreign exchange, and the exploitation of marine resources. Some SIDS, for example Bahrain and Trinidad and Tobago, produce and export fossil fuels but most consume very little because of their level of development and their weak infrastructure. The vast majority have carbon emissions levels <5t per annum per capita. Although SIDS are among the least responsible of all nations for climate change (Figure 9), they are likely to suffer strongly from its negative effects, and in some cases could even become uninhabitable. No data Key 20.1 to >50 15.1 to 20 10.1 to 15 5.1 to 10 0 to 5 Figure 9 Carbon emissions (tonnes per capita) by country, 2017 12 P70937A Rising carbon emissions are widely blamed for an increase in natural disasters, especially over the past 50 years as the enhanced greenhouse effect has accelerated (Figure 10). The cost of these disasters is counted in billions of US$, each year. For this reason, SIDS were among the first to call for putting climate change on the agenda of the UN Security Council. 1960 0 10 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 5 15 20 25 30 Number of natural disasters Year Key Number of natural disasters in SIDS Five-year moving average Figure 10 The number of natural disasters impacting SIDS, 1960–2015 13 P70937A Sea level rise is by no means the only future challenge for the SIDS. However, for some, it is the most pressing. Some experts argue that we are already past the point of no return with positive feedback loops and tipping points reached, making accelerating global warming unavoidable. Since the 1970s the UN has organised a series of global conferences to address the challenges of climate change (Figure 11). In 1992 SIDS campaigned successfully in the UN for a recognition of their special needs in confronting climate change. The UN has funded the US$60 million Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) project involving 13 Pacific SIDS. The aim is to enhance the capacity of the participating countries to adapt to climate change in key development sectors such as coastal zone management, food security and water. The UN is also funding the US$35 million five-year Pacific Islands Greenhouse Gas Abatement through Renewable Energy Project (PIGGAREP) project. It aims to reduce the growth rate of greenhouse gas emissions through the promotion of renewable energy. In Fiji, for example, 200 solar home systems have been installed in various remote locations and four schools have been equipped with biogas digesters. 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0.0 0.6 1.2 –0.6 Difference from 20th century average temperature (°C) Carbon dioxide concentration (ppm) 300 280 320 340 360 380 400 420 Paris 2015 Copenhagen 2009 Kyoto Agreement 1997 Earth Summit, Rio 1992 World Climate Conference 1979 Year Figure 11 Changing global temperatures and CO2 concentrations with selected global environmental conferences 14 P70937A BLANK PAGE 15 P70937A BLANK PAGE 16 P70937A BLANK PAGE Acknowledgements Pearson Education Ltd gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-small-island-developing-states-SIDS-geographical- distribution-of-SIDS_fig1_332076404 Figure 3 (Source: ©Shahee Ilyas/Alamy Stock Photo & © AlissaEverett/Alamy Stock Photo & © incamerastock/Alamy Stock Photo & ©Tommy E Trenchard/Alamy Stock Photo) Figure 4 Sourced from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5104333SID_%20 2014_%20wallchart.pdf Figure 5 https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/9789264287648-6-en/index.html?itemId=/content/ component/9789264287648-6-en Figure 6 & Figure 11 https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264266919-en.pdf?expires=1603970744 &id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E7F38A7FD2795D6A187524BF03A36D59 Figure 7 https://oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/6082/Small_islands,_big_threats.html Figure 8 Sourced from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/un-desa-policy-brief-64- the-covid-19-pandemic-puts-small-island-developing-economies-in-dire-straits/ Figure 9 https://unctad.org/news/impact-covid-19-tourism-small-island-developing-states
(1110U40-1) 3 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. Development in Sub-Saharan Africa 12. ‘Social factors are the most significant influence on the development of selected Sub-Saharan African countries.’ Discuss. [22] 13. Evaluate the environmental impacts of development in selected Sub-Saharan African countries. [22] 14. Evaluate strategies to manage desertification in selected Sub-Saharan African countries. [22] Theme 4: Energy Challenges and Dilemmas 15. ‘The most important physical factors determining the supply of energy are geological.’ Discuss. [22] 16. ‘A country’s level of development is the most important factor influencing its energy mix.’ Discuss. [22] 17. Evaluate the sustainability of alternative energy sources. [22] Theme 5: Weather and Climate 18. Discuss how air masses affect the weather in Wales and the United Kingdom. [22] 19. Evaluate strategies used to manage low-pressure hazards. [22] 20. Evaluate the consequences of anthropogenic climate change. [22] END OF PAPER
(A110U10-1) 13 10. (a) Use Figure 6 to analyse variations in employment structure. [5] (b) Outline two different ways in which urban places can be re-imaged. [8] Either, 11. Assess the impacts of quaternary industry clusters on people and places. [15] Or, 12. Assess the importance of recreation in the rebranding of rural places. [15] END OF PAPER © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 14 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 15 © WJEC CBAC Ltd.
(A110U10-1) 13 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 10. (a) Use Figure 6 to compare the age characteristics of the populations shown. [5] (b) Outline two inequalities associated with change in rural communities. [8] Either, 11. Examine ways in which place meanings and representations can influence change in one or more places. [15] Or, 12. Assess the consequences of industrial decline in urban places. [15] END OF PAPER BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 14 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE (A110U10-1) 15 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. VP/GR*(S23-A110U10-1A) © WJEC CBAC Ltd. GCE A LEVEL A110U10-1A WEDNESDAY, 17 MAY 2023 – MORNING GEOGRAPHY – A level component 1 Changing Landscapes and Changing Places For use with questions 2 and 6 S23-A110U10-1A RESOURCE FOLDER (OS Explorer Map key on back page) © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (A110U10-1A) Ferry M1 or A6(M) A 35 A 30 B 3074 Road generally more than 4m wide Path Main road Secondary road Dual carriageway Motorway Road generally less than 4m wide Other road, drive or track, fenced and unfenced Service area Junction number Ferry; Ferry P (passenger only) Narrow road with passing places Road under construction Gradient: steeper than 20% (1 in 5); 14% (1 in 7) to 20% (1 in 5) Service area Toll road junction London River Services Station, open to passengers Station Siding Road over Road under Tunnel Cutting Embankment Level crossing Multiple track Single track Standard gauge Narrow gauge tramway or light rail system London Underground National cycle network route number – traffic free; on road Other routes with public access (not normally shown in urban areas) The exact nature of the rights on these routes and the existence of any restrictions may be checked with the local highway authority. Alignments are based on the best information available. Firing and test ranges in the area. Danger! Observe warning notices. Access permitted within managed controls, for example, local byelaws. Permissive footpath Permissive bridleway Footpaths and bridleways along which landowners have permitted public use but which are not rights of way. The agreement may be withdrawn. Traffic-free cycle route Recreational route ( alternative route) National Trail MANAGED ACCESS DANGER AREA Footpath Byway open to all traffic Road used as a public path Bridleway The representation on this map of any other road, track or path is no evidence of the existence of a right of way. Coastal margin The depiction of rights of access does not imply or express any warranty as to its accuracy or completeness. Observe local signs and follow the Countryside Code. Visit: gov.uk/government/ publications/the-countryside-code Access land portrayed on this map is intended as a guide to land normally available for access on foot, for example access land created under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, and land managed by National Trust, Forestry Commission, Woodland Trust and Natural Resources Wales. Some restrictions will apply; some land shown as access land may not have open access rights; always refer to local signage. Access land Access information point Access land in wooded area within sand TOURIST AND LEISURE INFORMATION ACCESS LAND (England and Wales) ROADS AND PATHS RAILWAYS PUBLIC RIGHTS OF WAY OTHER PUBLIC ACCESS BOUNDARIES ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION HEIGHTS AND NATURAL FEATURES VEGETATION Not necessarily rights of way GENERAL FEATURES ABBREVIATIONS Landfill site or slag/spoil heap Other pit or quarry Sand pit Gravel pit Beacon Bus or coach station Bunkhouse, camping barn or other hostel Slopes Electricity transmission line Wind pump Wind turbine Windmill with or without sails Triangulation pillar Mast Glasshouse Building; important building with tower with spire, minaret or dome Current or former place of worship; Place of worship Youth hostel Lighthouse; disused lighthouse pylon pole Solar farm Site of antiquity 1066 Site of battle (with date) Roman Non-Roman Visible earthwork Limits of vegetation are defined by positioning of symbols Coniferous trees Non-coniferous trees Coppice Orchard Scrub Marsh, reeds or saltings Bracken, heath or rough grassland Ground Air Survey height; Water Sand Shingle Mud Loose rock Outcrop Vertical face/cliff Contours Boulders Scree 5m 10m 200 180 150 195 175 165 150 The contour interval on Explorer maps are shown at 5m and/or 10m vertical interval, to provide the most detailed heighting available. Surface heights are to the nearest metre above mean sea level. Where two heights are shown, the first is the height of the natural ground in the location of the triangulation pillar, and the second (in brackets) to a separate point which is the highest natural summit. 52 284 National Civil Parish (CP); England or Community (C); Wales Unitary Authority (UA), London Borough (LB), Metropolitan District (Met Dist) or District County; England National Park boundary (Scotland & Wales are solely Unitary Authorities) BP BS CH F Sta FB Ind Est Liby Mkt Meml MP; MS Mon PO Pol Sta Resr Sch TH NTL W; Spr Boundary post Boundary stone Clubhouse Fire Station Footbridge Industrial Estate Library Market Memorial Milepost; Milestone Monument Post office Police station Reservoir School Town hall Normal tidal limit Well; spring World Heritage site / area Watersports centre (multi-activity) Water activities (sailing) Water activities (powered) Water activities (paddle) Water activities (board) Walks or trails Visitor centre Viewpoint Theme or pleasure park Slipway Recreation, leisure or sports centre Public house(s) Preserved railway Picnic site Phone; public, emergency, roadside assistance Park and ride, all year Park and ride, seasonal Parking Other tourist feature Nature reserve National Trust Museum Mountain bike trail Information centre, seasonal Information centre Horse riding Historic Scotland Heritage centre Golf course or links Garden or arboretum Fishing English Heritage Cycle trail Cycle hire Craft centre Country park Cathedral or Abbey Castle or fort Caravan site Camping and caravan site Camp site Cadw Building of historic interest Boat trips Boat hire Art gallery (notable / important) Public toilets Water activities Forestry Commission visitor centre Explorer series (1:25 000 scale) EXPLORER MAP SYMBOLS See website for full list Not shown on maps of Scotland (A110U10-1A) © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE BLANK PAGE Please turn over for OS Explorer Map Key (A110U10-1A) Figure 4: Glaciated Landscapes of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland 0 1km N 97 96 95 94 98 99 00 97 96 95 94 98 99 00 97 98 99 00 96 97 98 99 00 96 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BLANK PAGE Figure 2: Coastal Landscapes of Skye, Scotland 0 1km N 42 43 44 45 46 37 38 39 40 39 41 37 38 39 40 41 62 63 64 65 61 60 62 63 64 65 61 60 (A110U10-1A) © WJEC CBAC Ltd.
18 (B110U20-1) Examiner only 4. Justify the choice of location(s) for your physical geography fieldwork. [10] You should state clearly the title of your physical geography investigation. Title: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 18 (B110U20-1) Turn over. 19 Examiner only Additional space for Question 4: © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 19 20 (B110U20-1) Examiner only 5. To what extent did your data collection methods ensure the reliability of your data in your human geography fieldwork? [10] You should state clearly the title of your human geography investigation. Title: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 20 (B110U20-1) Turn over. 21 Examiner only Additional space for Question 5: END OF PAPER © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 21 22 (B110U20-1) Examiner only © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 22 (B110U20-1) Turn over. 23 Examiner only Question number Additional page, if required. Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 23 Question number Additional page, if required. Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. Examiner only (B110U20-1) 24 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. 24