24 6 A student collected fieldwork data using an index of ethnic diversity to measure how this changed with distance from the centre of Birmingham. Study Figure 6 below, which shows a partly completed Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test. (a) (i) Complete the statistical test by filling in the table below. (2) Distance from Birmingham CBD (m) Rank distance Index of ethnic diversity score (1-5; higher = more diverse) Rank ethnic diversity Difference between ranks (d) d² 500 1 4.5 2.5 1.5 2.25 1000 2 5 1 1 1 1500 3 4.5 2.5 0.5 0.25 2000 4 4 4 0 0 2500 5 2 7 2 4 3000 6 2.5 6 0 0 3500 7 3 5 4000 8 1.5 8.5 0.5 0.25 4500 9 1.0 10 1 1 5000 10 1.5 8.5 1.5 2.25 ∑d² = Figure 6 (ii) The student determined that there was a strong negative correlation between ethnic diversity and distance from the centre of Birmingham. Explain what is meant by a negative correlation. 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(b) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using oral accounts in fieldwork. 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(Total for Question 6 = 18 marks) Turn over 27 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figure 7 in the Resource Booklet. The creation of Special Economic Zones produces winners and losers. Evaluate the view that the government decision to extend the Special Economic Zone will be good for all the people of Manaus and Amazonas. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Paper Reference 8GE0/02 Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Friday 19 May 2017 – Afternoon Resource Booklet Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 2: Dynamic Places Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE P49119A ©2017 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 *P49119A* Turn over 2 P49119A BLANK PAGE 3 Turn over P49119A SECTION A: GLOBALISATION The following resource relates to Question 1b. 0 15 000 20 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 25 000 10 000 5 000 GNI (PPP) per capita in US $ 1994 2004 2014 South Korea Hungary Brazil China Uganda Figure 1a GNI (PPP) per capita for selected countries between 1994 and 2014 4 P49119A The following resources relate to Question 1e. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Number of members and associate members EU (European Union), 1957 ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations), 1967 MERCOSUR (Common Market of South America), 1991 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association), 1994 EEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 2014 Number of member countries at start Number of member and associate countries in 2016 Trade bloc and date of formation Figure 1b Data on selected trade blocs 5 Turn over P49119A Coffee can only grow in tropical countries, but global consumption is highest in the EU. Vietnam is the second largest producer after Brazil. Green coffee beans (unprocessed) can be exported to the EU without any tariff. If we process coffee by roasting it, when we export it to the EU we have to pay a tariff of 2.6% of the value. The poorest developing countries are exempt, but not us. Figure 1c Comments about trade bloc tariffs by a Vietnamese coffee producer 6 P49119A SECTION B: REGENERATING PLACES The following resources relate to Question 4. Figure 4 Information about the copper industry in Chile and the government’s Start-up programme • Chile, an emerging country in South America, has been heavily dependent on the copper industry for decades and currently this contributes 18% of export earnings. • The government is now trying to stimulate economic growth through an investment programme, ‘Start-up Chile’, to encourage the development of new businesses. • In 2015, the Chilean government invested about $11m in ‘Start-up Chile’ and $600m in Codelco, a copper company. Price of copper from 2006 to 2016 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 US$/tonne Year Chile’s copper industry fact file The copper industry in Chile is dominated by Codelco, a state owned company. Codelco exploits copper reserves and processes the metal for sale globally. It is the largest copper producer in the world, selling about 10% of total global copper, but demand for metals is falling globally. Although Chile’s copper production is currently stable, there has been little growth in recent years. Codelco employs about 20 000 workers directly and another 25 000 are employed indirectly by the company as subcontractors. There has been a gradual decline in Codelco employees and in subcontracted workers since 2010, and 4000 were made redundant in 2015. 7 Turn over P49119A Information about ‘Start-up Chile’, a government initiative that begun in 2010 ‘Start-up Chile’ consists of programmes that seek to encourage applications from entrepreneurs around the world. • So far, more than 1,200 entrepreneurs from 72 countries have graduated from the programme. • Graduates have created 1,500 jobs. More than 200,000 Chileans have benefited from the community outreach initiatives organised by the companies. • At present 17% of those on the programme are women. Although this is low, it is much higher than other similar programmes elsewhere. Businesses funded and supported through the ‘Start-up Chile’ programme KARÜN Manufactures sunglasses using recycled fishing nets found in the Pacific Ocean. The products have been ordered in Chile, Europe and USA. Instrumentl matches women scientists to the best grants in the USA and Latin America for their research. It helps them focus on their science rather than raising funds to support the work. The company is run by seven women and four men, all from Chile. Founded by three women from the USA, it won best Start-up Factory prize in December 2015. 8 P49119A SECTION C: DIVERSE PLACES The following resources relate to Question 7. Figure 7 Information on the population of Manaus, in the state of Amazonas Brazil and the Special Economic Zone (Zona Franca) • Amazonas is a vast state, with a land area 6 times larger than the UK. • 98% of Amazonas was originally covered by rainforest and populated by scattered indigenous groups dependent on hunting and gathering. • Amazonas has a population of about 4 million with half living in Manaus, which has grown very rapidly since the 1970s. • Manaus has been the centre for exploiting resources from Amazonas, which has brought benefits but also challenges to this state. • In 1957, the government established a ‘Zona Franca’ (free zone) in the city. • In common with special economic zones elsewhere in the world, the aim was to attract foreign companies by creating an attractive tax environment and appropriate infrastructure. Indigenous population 0.3% Asian 0.7% Black 3% White 32% Mixed race 64% Ethnic groups in Manaus (2012 Census) Facts about Manaus and the Zona Franca Jobs in Zona Franca 120,000 most of which are in TNCs Indirect jobs in wider city area 500,000 in service and support industries Electronics TNCs in Zona Franca LG, Microsoft, Samsung, Sony Benefits of the Zona Franca Massive reductions in import duties and tax for goods produced and 75% reduction in income tax. Manufacturing costs are 35% less in the Zona Franca than the rest of Brazil. Future for Zona Franca In 2016, Dilma Rousseff, the country’s president, agreed to extend its tax privileges for another 50 years. 9 P49119A Problems in Manaus resulting from the rapid growth of the city • High numbers of internal migrants arrive every year looking for work, but many lack skills required by TNCs, especially the indigenous population. • High rates of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS (increased from 3.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 1994 to 15.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004). • Crime and drugs trade (cocaine) are prevalent, which draw in unemployed and young people. • Very little childcare is available, restricting options for women to work. • Much of the housing for the poor is flooded for up to 50 days a year. • Only 17% of homes in Manaus are connected to the sewage system. • Incomes for White and Asian Brazilians are double those of Mixed race, Black and indigenous people in the city. (Source: © imageBROKER / Alamy Stock Photo) Some indigenous people from the Amazon forest have chosen to move near Manaus to gain income from tourists and foreign business people. Visitors pay around $5 per head for a traditional village experience. Indigenous people remove their usual clothes (flip flops, t-shirts and shorts) and put on grass skirts or loincloths and head dresses for the visitors. The villagers welcome the visitors and the extra income earned has been used for medical care. (Source: © epa european pressphoto agency b.v. / Alamy Stock Photo) Typical housing for the poor in Manaus 10 P49119A BLANK PAGE 11 Turn over P49119A BLANK PAGE 12 P49119A BLANK PAGE Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.