30 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study along with the information in Figure 12 to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 12a, 12b, 12c and 12d in the Resource Booklet. Different players have made changes in the Niyamgiri hills. Evaluate the extent to which tensions or conflict are inevitable for the local people. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS P62361RA ©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 Turn over Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 2: Dynamic Places Paper Reference 8GE0/02 Morning (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Tuesday 19 May 2020 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P62361RA SECTION A The following resources relate to Question 1. Grapes 60% Apples 30% Kiwi fruit 7% Cherries 2 % Blueberries 1% 2000: 56 800 tonnes of fruit imported Grapes 40% Apples 43% Kiwi fruit 6% Cherries 3% Blueberries 8% 2015: 92 500 tonnes of fruit imported Figure 1 Fruit imports from Chile to the UK in 2000 and 2015 3 P62361RA Turn over Italy Romania 500 km Location of Italy and Romania N 26.6% of migrants leaving Romania have higher education. In 2017, 2.3% of Romania's GDP was from remittances. Figure 2 Data about two European Union (EU) countries: Romania (joined 2007) and Italy (founder member 1957) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (US$) in 2017 GDP per capita (US$) Romania 40 000 Italy 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 813 31,953 10, 2017 Italian migrants in Romania 56,515 Romanian migrants in Italy 1,168,552 Romania Italy Population change between 1978 and 2018 Population (million) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1978 1988 1998 2008 2018 Key 4 P62361RA SECTION B The following resource relates to Question 2. Local authority Total derelict land area (hectares) Economic history Angus 94 Mainly rural Clackmannanshire 48 Mainly rural East Lothian 73 Mainly rural, some mining in past Fife 551 Rural, mining in past West Lothian 341 Rural, some mining in past Stirling 117 Rural, some urban, some mining in past Midlothian 105 Rural, mining in past, borders Edinburgh Falkirk 210 Urban, some rural, iron and steel in past Perth & Kinross 16 Urban and rural Dundee City 14 Urban Edinburgh City 91 Urban (Source: www.gov.scot) Figure 3 Derelict land in selected local authorities in Scotland in 2017 5 P62361RA Turn over The following resource relates to Question 3. Deciles of Deprivation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 most deprived least deprived Start Finish Finish Scale 600 m The route followed by the students Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) Ward boundary Local authority boundary N Key Start (Source: http://dclgapps.communities.gov.uk/imd/idmap.html) Figure 4 The students’ transect through Haringey (a local authority in north London) plotted on an Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) map 6 P62361RA The following resources relate to Question 4. • The Dongria Kondh are an indigenous people living sustainably for hundreds of years in the Niyamgiri hills, a remote rural mountainous region of Odisha state, eastern India. • An Indian Transnational Corporation (TNC) has been trying to gain permission to mine bauxite (raw material for aluminium) in the Niyamgiri hills. This would result in a change of function and quality of the living environment for this place and cultural erosion would be likely. • The TNC supplies aluminium to international markets, and it opened a refinery in Niyamgiri using imported bauxite, before receiving approval for the mine. • The government banned the TNC from opening the mine, but the TNC disagrees and has appealed against the decision. Figure 7a Background information The Dongria Kondh’s identity and lived experience are based on their ability to live off the land growing crops and collecting honey, fruit and edible insects from the forest. The mountains, streams and forests are vital to the people’s cultural and spiritual wellbeing. Forest products are used to treat arthritis, bone fractures, malaria and snake bites. Millet, traditionally grown and eaten only by the poor, has become a health food choice for wealthy Indian people. About 8 000 people live in scattered villages and have rejected jobs offered by the TNC. Figure 7b Facts about the Dongria Kondh community 7 P62361RA Turn over Mining and aluminium processing TNC The TNC is Indian-owned, with a UK headquarters, and uses Indian supplies of bauxite and coal. It employs or contracts a total of 65 000 workers globally. The TNC offered permanent skilled jobs, reducing inequalities in this economically poor region. It built a hospital and school for the community. Its global revenue increased in 2017–18 by 33% to over US$15 billion. The Niyamgiri hills bauxite deposit is valued at US$2 billion. Mining and processing reduces forest biodiversity and disrupts local and regional river systems. Figure 7c Facts about the TNC Dongria Kondh community TNC Indian government • Wants to preserve its social and economic culture with limited engagement with modern Indian society. • Requires raw materials to reach production targets. Local sourcing would be more sustainable. • Encourages TNCs to help economy grow and country to become more self‑sufficient. • Has limited access to local schooling and modern healthcare. • If mine does not go ahead they will close the school and hospital they built for the community. • Reserves places at university and in technical jobs for indigenous people but few are taken up. • Won case against TNC in court to block change in function to mining, following an international media campaign. • Annual report says 2017–18 targets to reduce water use and carbon emissions at the refinery were met. • Implemented court decision after international human rights groups and celebrities provided support to highlight case in the media. Figure 7d Information about the players involved 8 P62361RA SECTION C The following resource relates to Question 5. County Crimes per thousand people Brief description Leicestershire 78.1 Urban, some rural Northamptonshire 75.0 Urban, some rural Nottinghamshire 86.9 Urban, some rural Bedfordshire 74.0 Urban, some rural Cambridgeshire 76.8 Urban, some rural Essex 76.5 Urban, some rural Hertfordshire 71.0 Urban, some rural Derbyshire 53.6 Urban, some rural Lincolnshire 56.4 Mainly rural Norfolk 63.2 Mainly rural Suffolk 69.9 Mainly rural (Source: Office for National Statistics) Figure 8 Crime rates for selected counties of England in 2018 9 P62361RA Turn over The following resource relates to Question 6. Deciles of Deprivation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 most deprived least deprived Scale 600 m The route followed by the students Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) Ward boundary Local authority boundary N Key Start Finish Finish Start (Source: http://dclgapps.communities.gov.uk/imd/idmap.html) Figure 9 The students’ transect through Haringey (a local authority in north London) plotted on an Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) map 10 P62361RA The following resources relate to Question 7. • India is a culturally diverse nation, with hundreds of different indigenous groups. • The Dongria Kondh are an indigenous people who have lived sustainably for hundreds of years in Niyamgiri, a remote rural, mountainous region of Odisha state, eastern India. • The mountains, land and rivers are respected and are part of their identity, religious beliefs and culture. • Their way of life and identity are threatened by mining, logging, mineral refining and commercial farming, leading to possible tensions, conflict and cultural erosion. Figure 12a Background information The Dongria Kondh live off the land in the Niyamgiri hills growing crops including millet and collecting honey, fruit and edible insects from the forest. Mountain streams are used by communities for water. They then flow onto the plains below and supply water for drinking and farming for millions of people. Forest products are used to treat arthritis, dysentery, bone fractures, malaria and snake bites. About 8 000 people live in scattered villages. Figure 12b Facts about the Dongria Kondh community 11 P62361RA Changes experienced in the Niyamgiri hills An Indian-owned TNC built an aluminium refinery near the hills. It produces red mud as a waste product, which contaminates rivers and air and damages crops, livestock and human health. In November 2018 the government gave permission for a six times larger expansion. Indian middle-classes are choosing millet as a health food as it is rich in protein and minerals. The Niyamgiri area has rare millet species that could be vital food sources for the future as climate changes, as these grow in low rainfall conditions. Deforestation by poachers removes trees, leading to a loss of species and local knowledge that could be used globally for medicine. The Dongria Kondh community was encouraged to grow rice by commercial seed companies instead of its traditional crops. Figure 12c Changes in the Niyamgiri hills Dongria Kondh community Indian government Aluminium processing TNC • Lacks land rights or representation in government. Survival International, a non‑government organisation (NGO), supports them. • Encourages business to help economy grow, and to provide social and economic development for all India’s people. • Employs 3 000 people in Odisha, 85% of whom are local. Claims development would help the Dongria Kondh and offers them jobs. • Lives in economic poverty and few young people complete education. • Under pressure from human rights and environmental groups. • Claims it causes zero harm, zero waste and zero discharge, and says, 'trees will be planted in the future!'. • Wants to preserve its social and economic way of life with limited engagement with modern Indian society. • Reserves places at university and in technical jobs for indigenous people but few are taken up. • Plans to recycle red mud waste from aluminium production to manufacture concrete. Figure 12d Information about the players involved 12 P62361RA BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper. Figure 2 – Source: https://www.gov.scot Figure 3 – Source: https://www.gov.scot Figure 4 & 9 – Source: © OpenStreetMap/Crown Copyright Figure 7b – © Pearson Asset Library Figure 12b – Source: © Matt Hahnewald/Shutterstock