28 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the view that the risks from tectonic activity in Bali outweigh those from coastal processes. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS 31 BLANK PAGE 32 BLANK PAGE *P62364A* P62364A ©2020 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1 Turn over Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscapes Paper Reference 8GE0/01 Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Tuesday 12 May 2020 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P62364A SECTION A The following resource relates to Question 1. Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Number of days since the main earthquake 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Number of reported aftershocks Figure 1 Aftershocks reported after the February 2018 earthquake in Papua New Guinea 3 P62364A Turn over SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2–4. Degrees of freedom 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 Figure 2b Significance table for t-test 4 P62364A Roads Extremely high / steep 31–90° Rivers / Streams / Lakes 21–30° Craggy rock areas 16–20° Study area 11–15° 6–10° Extremely low / gentle Flat or water level 0° 1–5° Slope angle Key N Box A Box A Loch Brandy 0 1km Figure 3 Geographic Information System (GIS) maps showing slope angle around Glen Clova valley, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland 5 P62364A Turn over The following resources relate to Question 4. • Volcan Villarrica is a composite volcano near a destructive plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. • The volcano is covered by 40 km2 of glaciers, however these are shrinking. 25% of the surface area was lost between 1961 and 2003. • The volcano erupted in 1971. Poisonous gases and lahars flowed down river valleys towards the nearby towns of Molco and El Turbio. 12 people were killed. Another eruption began in 2015. • Chile’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in 2017 was US$24,643. The volcano is situated in Villarrica National Park, popular with winter skiers, summer hikers and for the geothermal springs in nearby towns. The park authorities are responsible for the management of hazard risks. Figure 4a Information about Volcan Villarrica in the Andes, Chile, South America Lake Villarrica Molco Pucon El Turbio Ski resort Volcan Villarrica Villarrica National Park 6km eruption zone Molco River valley Pucon Airport Key Boundary of Villarrica National Park Roads River valleys with flows of volcanic debris Nearby towns and urban areas 5km N Turbio River valley Figure 4b Villarrica National Park showing nearby towns and major threats 6 P62364A Timeline National Emergency Office Issued 'Red Alert' • Ash and lava destroyed the ski resort water supply. Mudslides swept away 2 bridges. • 2 hikers were caught in ashfall, but survived. Some small towns were cut off. The National Plan of Civil Protection Cleaned up damage from mudflows and lahars • It took 1 year to complete repairs and rebuilding of schools, hospitals and bridges. Scientists Monitored the volcano with satellites, webcams and sensors • Magma gas emissions and steam triggered warnings. • 3,300 villagers evacuated to escape potential river flooding, mudslides and lahars. National Park Service Closed the park after avalanches to survey snow and ice conditions • A 6-mile radius exclusion was established around the crater of the volcano for 1 year, limiting access for hikers and skiers. Key Player Action Evidence of impact Figure 4c Hazard responses during the 2015 eruption of Volcan Villarrica 7 P62364A Turn over Ski resort infrastructure on the sides of Mt Villarrica. 100 m wide snow avalanches in 2010 seriously injured 1 tourist. 15 people were killed by asphyxiation in 1971. Mudflows here killed 100 people over the 20th century. Evacuation of tourists from Pucon during an eruption of Mt Villarrica in 2017. Ash layers on top of glaciers on Mt Villarrica. Ash absorbs sunlight, increasing ablation. Figure 4d Three scenes from Mt Villarrica 8 P62364A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. Degrees of freedom 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 Figure 5b Significance table for t-test 9 P62364A Turn over Roads Extremely high / steep 31–90° Rivers / Streams / Lakes 21–30° Craggy rock areas 16–20° Study area 11–15° 6–10° Extremely low / gentle Flat or water level 0° 1–5° Key Slope angle N Box A Box A 0 300m 0 300m Figure 6 Geographic Information System (GIS) maps showing slope angle around Southerndown, Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales 10 P62364A The following resources relate to Question 7. • Bali is known for its beautiful beaches, surrounded by coral reefs. Most coastal resorts are near the capital city, Denpasar. There are many coastal and hill villages scattered all over the island, all with temples. • Bali is on a destructive plate boundary, with two major composite volcanoes, Mt Batur and Mt Agung. In 1963, Mt Agung erupted (VEI5), triggering pyroclastic flows and lahars, killing 15,000 people in surrounding villages. Mt Agung erupted periodically during 2017–2019 and both volcanoes are predicted to erupt within the next 100 years. • Tropical storms, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis are other threats facing the island, as well as long-term erosion of sediment from beaches. • Indonesia is an emerging economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of US$3,846 in 2017. There is no integrated coastal zone management strategy in Bali and hazard management is focused on tourist areas. Many rural villages have no disaster risk mapping or community awareness drills. Figure 7a Information about Bali, a volcanic island in Indonesia Mt Agung Songam Village Mt Batur Evacuation zone 10 km from crater Hazard zones Tanah Lot Nusa Ngurah Rai International Airport Eurasian Plate Indo–Australian Plate BALI Key Population density Volcanic risk: High risk Moderate risk Potential risk Temple and village Road Plate boundary and movement 10 km Low High N Figure 7b Major threats and concentration of population in Bali 11 P62364A NGOs Provided training for small villages on the coast at risk from natural disasters • Villagers followed advice given to avoid deforestation and to plant more trees to avoid future landslides. Indonesia National Disaster Management Authority Established a 10 km exclusion zone around Mt Agung when it erupted • 122,500 villagers were evacuated after many volcanic earthquakes. • Ash closed the airport for 2 days. 500 flights cancelled, 59,000 passengers delayed. Red Cross and military Searched for survivors after landslides in Songam Village • Sustained torrential rain caused landslides. 6,300 people rescued. • 12 people killed, 7 never found. Scientists Programmed and ran computer models to work out evacuation areas if Mt Agung erupts • Evacuation routes were based on data shared by all Pacific Ocean countries about volcanic ash, earthquakes, mudflows and other secondary hazards. Key Player Action Evidence of impact Timeline Figure 7c Hazard responses during landslides and volcanic eruptions in 2017 Turn over 12 P62364A Damage to beaches at Tanah Lot temple in Bali. The coastline is eroding at 2 m/year, exacerbated by rising seawater levels. A tsunami warning sign in Nusa, a village in Bali. Infrastructure is not being maintained. Coral and river sediment are illegally removed for hotel construction. Storm and tidal surges threaten coastal resorts up to 100 m inland and can sweep people out to sea – 10 tourists killed in 2013, 2 in 2016. Figure 7d Images showing a lack of planned coastal management 13 P62364A BLANK PAGE 14 P62364A BLANK PAGE 15 P62364A BLANK PAGE 16 P62364A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1 (Source: https://www.usgs.gov/news/magnitude-75-earthquake-papua-new-guinea) Figure 3 (Source: https://www.arcgis.com/lochbrandy) Figure 4b (Source: ArcGIS.com) Figure 4d (Source: Picture 1 © Andrew Bargery/Alamy Stock Photo, Picture 2 © Xinhua/Alamy Stock Photo) Figure 6 (Source: ArcGIS.com) Figure 7b (Source: https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2017/11/mount-agung- interactive-reuters/index.html) Figure 7d (Source: Picture 1 © Robert Harding/Alamy Stock Photo, Picture 2 © Neil McAllister/Alamy Stock Photo, Picture 3 © Philip Game/Alamy Stock Photo) Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions