7 Turn over P52282A 1. Mt. Tasman: pyramidal peak • Grows in height by 5–10mm/ year due to tectonic uplifting. • Surrounded by cirques, many of which feed valley glaciers. 2a. Fox Glacier • Ice flows downhill up to 7 metres a day. • Causes rapid glacial erosional processes creating new valley landforms. 2b. Lower Fox Valley glacial trough • Subaerial processes (e.g. freeze-thaw) result in freshly weathered rock surfaces and mass movement. • Many complex depositional landforms found on the valley floor. Figure 4d Distinctive landscapes in the Southern Alps 8 P52282A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. -120 1870 1890 1910 1930 Year Global sea level (mm) 1950 1970 1990 -60 0 60 120 180 -120 Global sea level (mm) -60 0 60 120 180 2010 Figure 5 Global sea level changes before and after 1950 9 Turn over P52282A 0 50% 0% 50% 50% 0% 50% 1 2 Distance across the footpath (m) % vegetation cover in managed area % vegetation cover in unmanaged area 3 4 5 Figure 6 Kite diagrams showing footpath erosion in two areas of sand dunes at Studland Bay, Dorset 10 P52282A The following resources relate to Question 7. • The Southern Alps run south-west to north-east along New Zealand’s South Island; a landscape created by tectonic, weather and marine processes. • The mountains are formed along the Alpine Fault, a largely conservative plate boundary with the plates moving at least 30mm/year. The plates also move towards each other, with uplift of about 7mm/year, and occasionally, much larger uplift. • The Cook Strait was partly formed by eustatic sea level rise; the natural gap between the two coastlines funnels powerful winds and tides through the strait. • On some sections of the coast, long-term but also sudden tectonic events create raised beaches and steeper slopes that are vulnerable to mass movement. In other areas, coastal erosion is exposing older rock. Figure 7a Information about the coastal landscape of New Zealand Fossil cliff Raised beach Present beach Current sea level SEA Figure 7b A simplified cross-section of Turakirae Head 11 Turn over P52282A Sediment transported by powerful tidal flow and strong prevailing NW winds North Island Australian Plate 2. Cook Strait South Island Pacific Plate 1. Turakirae Head 3. Punakaiki Rocks N 100km Roaring Forties Key Prevailing winds Alpine Fault Plate movement direction Figure 7c Satellite image of part of North and South Islands, New Zealand