20 6 (a) Study Figure 6 in the Resource Booklet. The student collected data about clast (sediment) size at two sites in Porlock Bay, Somerset, as part of an investigation about coastal deposition. (i) Complete Figure 6a below by adding the following data for Site X. (1) Clast Size (cm) Number recorded 5.1–7.5 13 15.1–17.5 11 Number recorded 0–2.5 2.6–5.0 5.1–7.5 7.6–10.0 10.1–12.5 12.6–15.0 15.1–17.5 17.6–20.0 20.1+ Clast Size (cm) Site X Site Y 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Figure 6a (ii) At both sites, X and Y, the student decided to use a stratified sampling approach to collect their data. State two reasons why this could be an appropriate approach. 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Turn over 21 (iii) Suggest one reason why the clast size at Site X is different to that at Site Y. 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(iv) The student collected this data to investigate changes to coastal sediment. Explain two other techniques the student could have used as part of their investigation. 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(Total for Question 6 = 18 marks) Turn over 23 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d in the Resource Booklet. Evaluate the contribution of hard engineering approaches to managing Venice’s fragile environment. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS Paper Reference Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. 8GE0/01 Tuesday 16 May 2017 – Afternoon Resource Booklet Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscapes Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE P48923A ©2017 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1 *P48923A* Turn over 2 P48923A SECTION A The following resource relates to Question 1. 0 1000 2000 km Pacific Ocean = plate boundary Japan • Magnitude 7.0 • 40 deaths • 2021 injuries • 90 buildings destroyed Ecuador • Magnitude 7.8 • 661 deaths • 6200 injuries • 7000 buildings destroyed N Figure 1 The impact of two earthquakes in April 2016 3 Turn over P48923A SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2–4. Nearer surface (metres/year) Nearer base (metres/year) 29 24 30 21 29 17 28 15 27 12 26 7 26 3 Figure 2 Velocity data for the Athabasca Glacier, a cold-based glacier in Canada 4 P48923A Upper layer Lower layer Middle layer Figure 3 Photo of glacial deposit at Aberogwen, North Wales 5 Turn over P48923A The following resources relate to Question 4. • Oil was discovered in Alaska in 1968 and the Trans-Alaskan pipeline was built between 1974 and 1977 to transport oil to the port of Valdez in the south of Alaska. • Alaska’s North Slope has been drilled for oil since 1969, but President Obama banned exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in February 2015. • The ANWR is an area of wilderness established in 1960; key species include caribou, grizzly bear and a variety of migratory birds and fish. • Alaska is tectonically active – earthquakes occurred in 1964 (magnitude 9.2), 1975 (magnitude 7.6), 2002 (magnitude 7.1) and 2014 (magnitude 7.1) along the North American / Pacific plate boundary. Figure 4a Information about oil extraction in Alaska, USA SPORADIC PERMAFROST DISCONTINUOUS PERMAFROST CANADA Alaska, USA CONTINUOUS PERMAFROST *** * * Gulf of Alaska Valdez N North American plate Pacific plate 0 500 km The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has 10bn barrels of oil. No exploitation currently allowed. National border Trans-Alaskan pipeline Plate boundary Direction of movement Caribou migration route Recent earthquake foci Town Arctic National Wildlife Refuge * Alaska North Slope coast Key Figure 4b Map of Alaska 6 P48923A Campaign group to protect the ANWR from being exploited Resident on the North Slope coast, Alaska Governor of Alaska The Gwich’in people are a native Alaskan group who live in the ANWR. They depend on the caribou for most of their food, clothing and survival. Exploitation threatens caribou migration routes. Oil is a good thing and our jobs are now industrial. We’d like companies to use the resources we’ve got but we don’t want the natural environment to be ruined. We are facing a significant economic challenge as we find the money to respond to climate change. 80% of Alaska’s revenue comes from exploiting oil. Figure 4c Different opinions about the Trans-Alaskan pipeline 7 Turn over P48923A An earthquake in 2002 ruptured the Denali Fault, causing the pipeline to slide on the sleepers Sleepers allow up to 6m of horizontal movement and 1.5m vertical movement in an earthquake Bends in the pipeline help counteract seasonal extreme temperature changes Insulated supports prevent permafrost thaw and solifluction caused by heated oil The tundra and taiga vegetation play an important role in maintaining natural water and carbon systems The pipeline sits up to 3m above ground to cross rivers and allow migration of caribou Denali Faultline Figure 4d The engineering design of the Trans-Alaskan pipeline 8 P48923A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. St Alban’s Head Location A Fetch >4,500km Prevailing wind direction 0 0.3 0.6km Location B Fetch 190km N Location A (Waves per minute) Location B (Waves per minute) 16 7 18 8 19 7 17 9 15 6 14 8 15 9 Figure 5 Wave frequency data from two locations on the same day at St Alban’s Head, Dorset (southern England) 9 Turn over P48923A Porlock Bay Gore Point 0 0.5 1km Hurlstone Point N Prevailing wind direction Site X Site Y Figure 6 Map of Porlock Bay, Somerset (southern England) 10 P48923A The following resources relate to Question 7. • Venice became a World Heritage Site in 1987. The city is a site for major works of art and architecture. It is located on islands surrounded by a salt marsh lagoon. • Venice is on the Adriatic Plate which is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. As well as subsiding up to 2–3 mm/year, the city is tilting. Earthquakes, occurred in 2016 (magnitude 3.5), 2012 (magnitude 5.8) and 1976 (magnitude 6.3). • 66,000 people visit Venice every day (many from cruise ships), generating an income for local residents of more than €150 million a year. • The MOSE project will build 79 steel gates across the 3 inlets of Venice’s lagoon. By pumping in air, the gates will rise up and block water surging in at high-tide. Figure 7a Information about coastal management in Venice, Italy Shipping routes Town  Venice Chioggia Inlet 0 6 km 3 Lido Inlet Adriatic Plate Shipping routes Venice Airport Venice Lagoon Malamocco Inlet The MOSE project will be installed at the • Lido Inlet • Malamocco Inlet • Chioggia Inlet Vineyards and agricultural land Mestre Chioggia Key N Figure 7b Map of Venice and surrounding Lagoon 11 Turn over P48923A Anti-MOSE Campaign Group Professor of Geography born in Venice Local vineyard owner near Mestre The MOSE project will disrupt the flow of water in and out of the lagoon. This would stop sewage and pollution from being flushed out to sea and threaten breeding grounds for birds. We could spend the money repairing buildings. I’m worried about loss of residents – 50% of Venice’s population have left in the last 50 years because of flooding. Although the MOSE project blocks tidal surges, it does allow shipping to continue. We built small walls in 2002 to stop flooding and we are able to start making wine again. The MOSE barrier is a good hard engineering solution that will protect both the city and Venice Airport. Figure 7c Differing opinions about the MOSE project 12 P48923A Building weight makes subsidence worse. Adriatic Sea Venice Lagoon Global sea-level rise is continuing. If it rises another 20-30cm even these barriers will be insufficient. 79 steel hollow gates lie flat allowing ships to enter the lagoon. During winter and spring high tides, the gates will be pumped full of air and rise up almost every day for 4/5 hours to block water surging into the lagoon. Subduction of the Adriatic Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate is causing the lagoon bed to subside at a rate of 2–3mm/year. Venice and its lagoon are a World Heritage Site containing vulnerable cultural heritage and ecological habitats. Grand Canal Wood piles (Original 16th century) Lagoon bed Raised floor levels Malamocco inlet Figure 7d The MOSE Sea Defence Project, Venice Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions.