30 Use your knowledge and understanding from across the course of study, along with the information in Figure 7, to answer this question. 7 Study Figure 7a and Figure 7b in the Resource Booklet. The coastal landscape of Aqaba, Jordan, faces many threats. Evaluate the effectiveness of the management strategies shown. 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(Total for Question 7 = 16 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 62 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS *P56585A* Turn over Afternoon (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Tuesday 14 May 2019 P56585A ©2019 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1 Resource Booklet Do not return this Resource Booklet with the question paper. Geography Advanced Subsidiary Paper 1: Dynamic Landscape Paper Reference 8GE0/01 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE 2 P56585A SECTION A The following resources relate to Question 1. N N 6 February 2016 Magnitude 6.4 13 November 2016 Magnitude 6.4 0 135km 0 135km Intensity/ Shaking = Epicentre (any colour) = Location where ground shaking was reported Weak Light Moderate Strong Very strong Key Figure 1a Reported ground shaking after two earthquakes in Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean 3 Turn over P56585A Mount Tambora, Indonesia 1815 (VEI 7) • Tsunami wave travelled 500 km • Global temperatures reduced by 1–2 °C • 60,000–120,000 estimated deaths from effects of the eruption Mount Pinatubo, Philippines 1991 (VEI 6) • 300–800 deaths and 96,000 hectares of land damaged by ash fall • $250m of damage to farmland and forestry due to pyroclastic flows • 0 deaths from climate effects of 0.5 °C temperature reduction Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland 2010 (VEI 4) • 100,000 flight cancellations affected international trade and tourism • Airline losses of >$1.4bn • Kenyan economy losses of > $3.8m as flowers and vegetables could not be exported by air Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 (VEI 4) • 19 deaths by pyroclastic flows • Capital city, Plymouth, destroyed by lava flows and ash • 60% of the island’s residents left for nearby islands or UK Figure 1b A simplified interpretation of the areal extent of volcanic eruptions, and actual data on 4 volcanic disasters 4 P56585A SECTION B The following resources relate to Questions 2–4. Figure 2b An avalanche in the French Alps 5 Turn over P56585A The following resources relate to Question 4. Figure 4: Information about the Swiss Alps, Europe • The Swiss Alps are fold-mountains formed by uplift along a collision plate boundary separating the European and Adriatic plates. There are 500–800 earthquakes a year, but most are too small to be reported. • The Swiss Alps are a multi-use location. A number of glaciated valleys have hydro-electric power (HEP) dams and reservoirs. Tourism, especially skiing, is highly important economically and dependent on a modern transport infrastructure. • The high Alpine environment is still glaciated after the main advance of 18,000 years ago, which left a dramatic landscape dominated by 63 glaciers, most of which are retreating. • The environment is very dynamic with both tectonic activity and climate change contributing to mudflows, glacial retreat and an increase in the number of avalanches, all of which threaten the tourist industry. Flocon Vert (Green Snowflake) initiative supports the use of low-energy systems, e.g. hybrid buses, by ski resorts The Gotthard Base Tunnel has reduced travel time as freight is being moved by rail instead of road Alpine Convention management strategies used in the Swiss Alps Waste construction material is used to protect Alpine villages from noise, as well as potential avalanches Seismic sensors in the slopes automatically trigger concrete barriers and close roads Figure 4a Management strategies used in the Swiss Alps 6 P56585A 0 50km N The Gotthard Base Tunnel • CO2 emissions from road freight and passenger transport caused air pollution. • World's deepest tunnel opened in 2016 to reduce this. • Steel and reinforced concrete used to protect workers and safeguard the tunnel from seismic movement. First Cliff Walk in Grindelwald • A unique, scenic attraction that helps tourists appreciate the valleys and waterfalls of the Alps. • Cliff walks help connect Swiss Alpine villages on remote mountain sides. • Locals are concerned that the landscape, used to inspire many films, now features a Chinese buffet restaurant. Earthquake magnitude 1 2 3 4 Lake Bondo village mudflow • In 2017, mudflows swept 8 people away. • Melting ice is causing glacial lakes to overflow. • Melting snow and ice fields threaten the tourist industry. • 120 million people visit Switzerland annually. Figure 4b Threats to Swiss Alpine landscapes 7 Turn over P56585A SECTION C The following resources relate to Questions 5–7. Figure 5b Recent cliff collapse on the South East coastline of the United Kingdom 8 P56585A The following resources relate to Question 7. Figure 7: Information about Aqaba, Jordan, Middle East. • The Gulf of Aqaba is at the northern end of the Dead Sea Transform fault, part of an active constructive plate boundary separating the Arabian and African plates. • Plate movement formed a coastal plain and a basin now filled by warm sea water, an ideal habitat for coral reefs. • Aqaba is a small coastal city ideally located for trade and more recently tourism. Its special economic zone (SEZ) offers tax-incentives to encourage tourist resorts and dive centres, as well as container ports. • This is a dynamic coastal landscape. Earthquakes create landslides in the surrounding mountains and coastal flooding is also a hazard. The 1995 Aqaba earthquake killed 8 people and injured 30. Land is allocated for different uses, e.g. tourism, research, residential, shopping and some open space Aqaba Marine Protected Area and the Marine Science Station monitor coral reef damage Coastal management strategies An oil pollution combat ship is usually on ready alert in the port areas A beach protection zone (50–150 m inland) restricts usage to natural landscapes and recreation Figure 7a Management strategies used in Aqaba 9 P56585A Israel Egypt Jordan Port Zone Gulf of Aqaba Marine Park Zone Saudi Arabia Industrial Zone Tourist Zone Aqaba 0 10km Key: = Earthquake epicentre N Tourist zone • 500,000 visitors a year visit Aqaba. • More tourist resorts are planned creating 500 jobs in luxury hotels. • Wastewater from resorts is sometimes dumped into the Gulf of Aqaba. • 30−50% of the coastline has been dredged and excavated for shoreline construction. Marine park zone • Hotels and dive centres have private beaches to facilitate 30,000 dives a year and trips on 55 glass-bottom boats. • Coral reefs are being damaged by industrial pollution and tourist use. • Coastal flooding occasionally causes damage to beach resorts. Port zone and industrial zone • More than 2,300 ships unload 3.5 m tonnes of oil every year, as well as phosphate and fertilisers. • 20,000 m³ of chlorinated cooling water is released every hour into deeper water. • Occasional landslides in the mountains cut off access between the coastal plain and other infrastructure. Aqaba SEZ (Special economic zone) State border Figure 7b Changing coastal landscapes in Gulf of Aqaba 10 P56585A BLANK PAGE 11 P56585A BLANK PAGE 12 P56585A BLANK PAGE Pearson Education Ltd. gratefully acknowledges all following sources used in preparation of this paper: Figure 1b: Volcanoes and climate - After Tambora © The Economist 2015 Figure 2b: © StockShot/Alamy Figure 4b: First Cliff Walk, Grindelwald, Switzerland © Simon Roberts, 2016 © AFP Contributor/Getty Images © The Asahi Shimbun/Gettyimages Figure 5b: © Jim Bennett Figure 7b: © Eddie Gerald/Alamy © Danita Delimont/Gettyimages © Blaine Harrington III/Gettyimages Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in future editions. Images used within this paper may be from www.clipart.com.