Page 12 20. Astronomers use the following relationship to determine the distance, d, to a star. 2 4 L F πd = For a particular star the following measurements are recorded: apparent brightness, F = 4·4 × 10−10 W m−2 luminosity, L = 6·1 × 1030 W Based on this information, the distance to this star is A 3·3 × 1019 m B 1·5 × 1021 m C 3·7 × 1036 m D 1·1 × 1039 m E 3·9 × 1039 m. [END OF SECTION 1. NOW ATTEMPT THE QUESTIONS IN SECTION 2 OF YOUR QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOKLET] H FOR OFFICIAL USE Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Number of seat Town © Mark Full name of centre Forename(s) Surname Scottish candidate number Date of birth Year Day Month National Qualications 2017 Total marks — 130 SECTION 1 — 20 marks Attempt ALL questions. Instructions for the completion of Section 1 are given on Page 02. SECTION 2 — 110 marks Attempt ALL questions. Reference may be made to the Data Sheet on Page 02 of the question paper X757/76/02 and to the Relationship Sheet X757/76/11. Care should be taken to give an appropriate number of significant figures in the final answers to calculations. Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers and rough work is provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly identify the question number you are attempting. Any rough work must be written in this booklet. You should score through your rough work when you have written your final copy. Use blue or black ink. Before leaving the examination room you must give this booklet to the Invigilator; if you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper. X757/76/01 WEDNESDAY, 17 MAY 9:00 AM – 11:30 AM A/PB Physics Section 1 — Answer Grid and Section 2 Page 02 The questions for Section 1 are contained in the question paper X757/76/02. Read these and record your answers on the answer grid on Page 03 opposite. Use blue or black ink. Do NOT use gel pens or pencil. 1. The answer to each question is either A, B, C, D or E. Decide what your answer is, then fill in the appropriate bubble (see sample question below). 2. There is only one correct answer to each question. 3. Any rough work must be written in the additional space for answers and rough work at the end of this booklet. Sample Question The energy unit measured by the electricity meter in your home is the: A ampere B kilowatt-hour C watt D coulomb E volt. The correct answer is B — kilowatt-hour. The answer B bubble has been clearly filled in (see below). A B C D E Changing an answer If you decide to change your answer, cancel your first answer by putting a cross through it (see below) and fill in the answer you want. The answer below has been changed to D. A B C D E If you then decide to change back to an answer you have already scored out, put a tick (3) to the right of the answer you want, as shown below: A B C D E or A B C D E SECTION 1 — 20 marks Page 03 A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 SECTION 1 — Answer Grid [Turn over Page 04 [BLANK PAGE] DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 05 [Turn over for SECTION 2 DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 06 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN SECTION 2 — 110 marks Attempt ALL questions 1. A student is on a stationary train. The train now accelerates along a straight level track. The student uses an app on a phone to measure the acceleration of the train. (a) The train accelerates uniformly at 0·32 m s−2 for 25 seconds. (i) State what is meant by an acceleration of 0·32 m s−2. (ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the train in the 25 seconds. Space for working and answer 1 3 Page 07 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 1. (continued) (b) Later in the journey, the train is travelling at a constant speed as it approaches a bridge. A horn on the train emits sound of frequency 270 Hz. The frequency of the sound heard by a person standing on the bridge is 290 Hz. The speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1. (i) Calculate the speed of the train. Space for working and answer (ii) The train continues to sound its horn as it passes under the bridge. Explain why the frequency of the sound heard by the person standing on the bridge decreases as the train passes under the bridge and then moves away. You may wish to use a diagram. 3 1 [Turn over Page 08 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 2. A white snooker ball and a black snooker ball travel towards each other in a straight line. The white ball and the black ball each have a mass of 0·180 kg. Just before the balls collide head-on, the white ball is travelling at 2·60 m s−1 to the right and the black ball is travelling at 1·80 m s−1 to the left. 2∙60 m s−1 1∙80 m s−1 After the collision, the black ball rebounds with a velocity of 2·38 m s−1 to the right. (a) (i) Determine the velocity of the white ball immediately after the collision. Space for working and answer (ii) The collision between the balls is inelastic. State what is meant by an inelastic collision. 3 1 Page 09 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 2. (continued) (b) A student carries out an experiment to measure the average force exerted by a cue on a ball. push switch cue timer ball motion sensor computer The cue hits the stationary ball. The timer records the time the cue is in contact with the ball. The computer displays the speed of the ball. The results are shown. Time of contact between the cue and the ball = (0·040 ± 0·001) s Speed of the ball immediately after contact = (0·84 ± 0·01) m s−1 Mass of the ball = (0·180 ± 0·001) kg (i) Calculate the average force exerted on the ball by the cue. An uncertainty in this value is not required. Space for working and answer (ii) Determine the percentage uncertainty in the value for the average force on the ball. Space for working and answer 3 2 [Turn over Page 10 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 3. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. The ball is above the ground when released. not to scale ground 5∙6 m s−1 The graph shows how the vertical velocity of the ball varies with time from the instant it is released until just before it hits the ground. vertical velocity (m s−1) 5∙6 0∙0 −7∙7 time (s) The effects of air resistance can be ignored. (a) (i) Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach its maximum height. Space for working and answer 3 Page 11 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 3. (a) (continued) (ii) Calculate the distance the ball falls from its maximum height to the ground. Space for working and answer (b) The ball is now thrown vertically upwards from the same height with a greater initial vertical velocity. Add a line to the graph below to show how the vertical velocity of the ball varies with time from the instant it is released until just before it hits the ground. The effects of air resistance can be ignored. Additional numerical values on the axes are not required. vertical velocity (m s−1) 5∙6 0∙0 −7∙7 time (s) (An additional graph, if required, can be found on Page 39.) 3 3 [Turn over Page 12 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 4. Some motorways have variable speed limits, with overhead information boards displaying the maximum speed allowed. This system is designed to keep the traffic flowing and to avoid congestion. In this system, the flow of traffic is observed and the maximum speed to be displayed is determined using speed = frequency × wavelength Use your knowledge of physics to comment on this system for determining the maximum speed to be displayed. 3 Page 13 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 4. (continued) [Turn over Page 14 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 5. Planets outside our solar system are called exoplanets. An exoplanet of mass 5·69 × 1027 kg orbits a star of mass 3·83 × 1030 kg. 3∙14 × 1011 m exoplanet star not to scale (a) (i) Compare the mass of the star with the mass of the exoplanet in terms of orders of magnitude. Space for working and answer (ii) The distance between the exoplanet and the star is 3·14 × 1011 m. Calculate the gravitational force between the star and the exoplanet. Space for working and answer 2 3 Page 15 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 5. (continued) (b) The gravitational force between the star and the exoplanet causes the star to follow a circular path as the exoplanet orbits the star. Small differences in the wavelength of the light from the star are observed on Earth. Light from the star is redshifted when the star moves away from the Earth and blueshifted when the star moves towards the Earth. not to scale exoplanet exoplanet star star redshifted blueshifted light from star light from star to Earth to Earth (i) Calculate the redshift of light from the star observed on Earth when the star is moving away from the Earth at 6·60 × 103 m s−1. Space for working and answer (ii) For an exoplanet of greater mass at the same distance from the star, suggest whether the radius of the circular path followed by the star would be greater than, less than, or the same as that for an exoplanet of smaller mass. 3 1 [Turn over Page 16 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 6. The visible spectrum of light emitted by a star is observed to contain a number of dark lines. The dark lines occur because certain wavelengths of light are absorbed when light passes through atoms in the star’s outer atmosphere. The diagram shows some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom. E3 E2 E1 E0 −1∙36 × 10−19 J −2∙42 × 10−19 J −5∙42 × 10−19 J −21∙8 × 10−19 J (a) For the energy levels shown in the diagram, identify the electron transition that would lead to the absorption of a photon with the highest frequency. (b) An electron makes the transition from energy level E1 to E3. Determine the frequency of the photon absorbed. Space for working and answer 1 3 Page 17 [Turn over for next question DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 18 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 7. The following diagram gives information on the Standard Model of fundamental particles. matter atom electron nucleus proton neutron quarks (a) Explain why the proton and the neutron are not fundamental particles. (b) An extract from a data book contains the following information about three types of sigma (Σ) particles. Sigma particles are made up of three quarks. Particle Symbol Quark Content Charge Mean lifetime (s) sigma plus Σ+ up up strange +1e 8·0 × 10−11 neutral sigma Σ0 up down strange 0 7·4 × 10−20 sigma minus Σ− down down strange −1e 1·5 × 10−10 (i) A student makes the following statement. All baryons are hadrons, but not all hadrons are baryons. Explain why this statement is correct. (ii) The charge on an up quark is 2 3 e + . Determine the charge on a strange quark. Space for working and answer 1 2 1 Page 19 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 7. (continued) (c) (i) State the name of the force that holds the quarks together in the sigma (Σ) particle. (ii) State the name of the boson associated with this force. (d) Sigma minus (Σ−) particles have a mean lifetime of 1·5 × 10−10 s in their frame of reference. Σ− are produced in a particle accelerator and travel at a speed of 0·9c relative to a stationary observer. Calculate the mean lifetime of the Σ− particle as measured by this observer. Space for working and answer 1 1 3 [Turn over Page 20 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 8. X-ray machines are used in hospitals. An X-ray machine contains a linear accelerator that is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target. The linear accelerator consists of hollow metal tubes placed in a vacuum. 2∙50 kV alternating supply P Q metal tube electron beam Electrons are accelerated across the gaps between the tubes by an alternating supply. (a) (i) Calculate the work done on an electron as it accelerates from P to Q. Space for working and answer (ii) Explain why an alternating supply is used in the linear accelerator. 3 1 Page 21 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 8. (continued) (b) The electron beam is then passed into a “slalom magnet” beam guide. The function of the beam guide is to direct the electrons towards a metal target. Inside the beam guides R and S, two different magnetic fields act on the electrons. Electrons strike the metal target to produce high energy photons of radiation. electron beam metal target S R (i) Determine the direction of the magnetic field inside beam guide R. (ii) State two differences between the magnetic fields inside beam guides R and S. (c) Calculate the minimum speed of an electron that will produce a photon of energy 4·16 × 10−17 J. Space for working and answer 1 2 3 [Turn over Page 22 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 9. A diagram from a 'How Things Work' website contains information about a nuclear fusion reaction. deuterium proton neutron helium-4 energy proton helium-3 Reaction of helium-3 with deuterium (a) State what is meant by the term nuclear fusion. 1 Page 23 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 9. (continued) (b) The following statement represents this fusion reaction. 3 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 He H He p + → + The mass of the particles involved in the reaction are shown in the table. Particle Mass (kg) 3 2He 5·008 × 10−27 2 1H 3·344 × 10−27 4 2He 6·646 × 10−27 1 1p 1·673 × 10−27 (i) Explain why energy is released in this reaction. (ii) Determine the energy released in this reaction. Space for working and answer 1 4 [Turn over Page 24 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 10. An experiment is carried out to determine the wavelength of light from a laser. not to scale laser grating screen first order maximum central maximum θ (a) Explain, in terms of waves, how a maximum is formed. (b) The experiment is carried out with four gratings. The separation of the slits d is different for each grating. The angle between the central maximum and the first order maximum θ, produced by each grating, is measured. The results are used to produce a graph of sinθ against 1 d . 0∙60 0∙50 0∙40 0∙30 0∙20 0∙10 0∙00 0∙00 0∙10 0∙20 0∙30 0∙40 0∙50 0∙60 0∙70 0∙80 1∙00 0∙90 1∙10 sinθ ( ) 6 1 1 10 m d − × 1 Page 25 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 10. (b) (continued) (i) Determine the wavelength of the light from the laser used in this experiment. Space for working and answer (ii) Determine the angle θ produced when a grating with a spacing d of 2·0 × 10−6 m is used with this laser. Space for working and answer (c) Suggest two improvements that could be made to the experiment to improve reliability. 3 3 2 [Turn over Page 26 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 11. The use of analogies from everyday life can help better understanding of physics concepts. A car moving from a smooth surface to a rough surface, eg from a road to sand, can be used as an analogy for the refraction of light. smooth road sand Use your knowledge of physics to comment on this analogy. 3 Page 27 [Turn over for next question DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 28 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 12. A lamp is connected to a battery containing two cells as shown. V A 1∙5 V 2∙7 Ω 2∙7 Ω 1∙5 V The e.m.f. of each cell is 1·5 V and the internal resistance of each cell is 2·7 Ω. The reading on the ammeter is 64 mA. (a) State what is meant by an e.m.f. of 1·5 V. (b) (i) Show that the lost volts in the battery is 0·35 V. Space for working and answer (ii) Determine the reading on the voltmeter. Space for working and answer (iii) Calculate the power dissipated by the lamp. Space for working and answer 1 2 1 3 Page 29 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 12. (continued) (c) In a different circuit, an LED is connected to a battery containing four cells. 1∙5 V 1∙5 V 1∙5 V 1∙5 V 2∙7 Ω 2∙7 Ω 2∙7 Ω 2∙7 Ω R A The potential difference across the LED is 3·6 V when the current is 26 mA. Determine the resistance of resistor R. Space for working and answer 4 [Turn over Page 30 [BLANK PAGE] DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 31 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 13. An uncharged 220 μF capacitor is connected in a circuit as shown. 12 V S1 S2 6800 Ω 6800 Ω 220 μF The 12 V battery has negligible internal resistance. (a) Switch S1 is closed and the capacitor charges in a time of 7·5 s. Calculate the initial charging current. Space for working and answer (b) Switch S1 is opened. The capacitor is discharged. Switch S2 is now closed and then switch S1 is closed. Explain why the time for the capacitor to fully charge is less than in part (a). 3 2 [Turn over Page 32 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 14. Solar cells are made by joining n-type and p-type semiconductor materials. A layer is formed at the junction between the materials. (a) A potential difference is produced when photons enter the layer between the p-type and n-type materials. State the name of this effect. (b) A student carries out an experiment using a solar cell connected to a variable resistor R as shown. solar cell R V A A lamp is placed above the solar cell and switched on. The variable resistor is altered and readings of current and voltage are taken. These readings are used to produce the following graph. current (mA) voltage (V) 0∙0 40 30 20 10 0 0∙5 1∙0 1∙5 2∙0 2∙5 3∙0 1 Page 33 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 14. (b) (continued) (i) Solar cells have a maximum power output for a particular irradiance of light. In this experiment, the maximum power output occurs when the voltage is 2·1 V. Use information from the graph to estimate a value for the maximum power output from the solar cell. Space for working and answer (ii) The lamp is now moved closer to the solar cell. Explain, in terms of photons, why the maximum output power from the solar cell increases. 3 1 [Turn over for next question Page 34 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 15. A wire of length L and cross-sectional area A is shown. wire L A The resistance R of the wire is given by the relationship ρL R A = where ρ is the resistivity of the wire in Ω m. (a) The resistivity of aluminium is 2·8 × 10−8 Ω m. Calculate the resistance of an aluminium wire of length 0·82 m and cross-sectional area 4·0 × 10−6 m2. Space for working and answer 2 Page 35 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 15. (continued) (b) A student carries out an investigation to determine the resistivity of a cylindrical metal wire of cross-sectional area 4·52 × 10−6 m2. 4∙52 × 10−6 m2 The student varies the length L of the wire and measures the corresponding resistance R of the wire. The results are shown in the table. Length of wire L (m) Resistance of wire R (×10−3 Ω) 1·5 5·6 2·0 7·5 2·5 9·4 3·0 11·2 3·5 13·2 (i) Using the square-ruled paper on Page 36, draw a graph of R against L. (ii) Calculate the gradient of your graph. Space for working and answer (iii) Determine the resistivity of the metal wire. Space for working and answer [END OF QUESTION PAPER] 3 2 3 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK Additional graph for use with Question 3 (b) vertical velocity (m s−1) 5∙6 0∙0 −7∙7 time (s) Page 40 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK Page 41 MARKS DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK Page 42 [BLANK PAGE] DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 43 [BLANK PAGE] DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Page 44 [BLANK PAGE] DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE Acknowledgement of Copyright Question 1 KieferPix/shutterstock.com Question 4 Editorial Credit: Flik47/shutterstock.com © National Qualications 2017 H X757/76/11 Physics Relationships Sheet WEDNESDAY, 17 MAY 9:00 AM – 11:30 AM A/PB Page 02 d vt = s vt = v u at = + 2 1 2 s ut at = + 2 2 2 v u as = + ( ) 1 2 s u v t = + W mg = F ma = ( ) 2 1 t t vc ′ = − ( ) 2 1 v l l c ′ = − o s s v f f v v ⎛ ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ± ⎝ ⎠ observed rest rest λ λ z λ − = v z c = 0 v H d = 2 E mc = E hf = 0 k E hf hf = − 2 1 E E hf − = 1 T f = v fλ = sin d θ mλ = sin sin 1 2 θ n θ = sin sin 1 1 1 2 2 2 θ λ v θ λ v = = sin 1 cθ n = 2 k I d = P I A = , , ... 1 2 path difference or where 0 1 2 mλ m λ m ⎛ ⎞ = + ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ = max. value min. value random uncertainty number of values − = 2 peak rms V V = 2 peak rms I I = Q It = V IR = 2 2 V P IV I R R = = = .... 1 2 T R R R = + + .... 1 2 1 1 1 T R R R = + + E V Ir = + 1 1 1 2 s R V V R R ⎛ ⎞ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎝ ⎠ 1 1 2 2 V R V R = 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 Q E QV CV C = = = Q C V = W QV = W E Fd = p E mgh = 2 1 2 k E mv = E P t = p mv = Ft mv mu = − 1 2 2 m m F G r = Relationships required for Physics Higher Page 03 Additional Relationships Circle Sphere Trigonometry circumference 2πr = 2 area πr = 2 area 4πr = 3 4 3 volume πr = sin opposite hypotenuse θ = cos adjacent hypotenuse θ = tan opposite adjacent θ = sin cos 2 2 1 θ θ + = Page 04 Electron Arrangements of Elements Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 0 (1) (18) 1 H 1 Hydrogen Key Atomic number Symbol Electron arrangement Name 2 He 2 Helium (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (2) 3 Li 2,1 Lithium 4 Be 2,2 Beryllium 5 B 2,3 Boron 6 C 2,4 Carbon 7 N 2,5 Nitrogen 8 O 2,6 Oxygen 9 F 2,7 Fluorine 10 Ne 2,8 Neon 11 Na 2,8,1 Sodium 12 Mg 2,8,2 Magnesium Transition Elements 13 Al 2,8,3 Aluminium 14 Si 2,8,4 Silicon 15 P 2,8,5 Phosphorus 16 S 2,8,6 Sulfur 17 Cl 2,8,7 Chlorine 18 Ar 2,8,8 Argon (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 19 K 2,8,8,1 Potassium 20 Ca 2,8,8,2 Calcium 21 Sc 2,8,9,2 Scandium 22 Ti 2,8,10,2 Titanium 23 V 2,8,11,2 Vanadium 24 Cr 2,8,13,1 Chromium 25 Mn 2,8,13,2 Manganese 26 Fe 2,8,14,2 Iron 27 Co 2,8,15,2 Cobalt 28 Ni 2,8,16,2 Nickel 29 Cu 2,8,18,1 Copper 30 Zn 2,8,18,2 Zinc 31 Ga 2,8,18,3 Gallium 32 Ge 2,8,18,4 Germanium 33 As 2,8,18,5 Arsenic 34 Se 2,8,18,6 Selenium 35 Br 2,8,18,7 Bromine 36 Kr 2,8,18,8 Krypton 37 Rb 2,8,18,8,1 Rubidium 38 Sr 2,8,18,8,2 Strontium 39 Y 2,8,18,9,2 Yttrium 40 Zr 2,8,18, 10,2 Zirconium 41 Nb 2,8,18, 12,1 Niobium 42 Mo 2,8,18,13, 1 Molybdenum 43 Tc 2,8,18,13, 2 Technetium 44 Ru 2,8,18,15, 1 Ruthenium 45 Rh 2,8,18,16, 1 Rhodium 46 Pd 2,8,18, 18,0 Palladium 47 Ag 2,8,18, 18,1 Silver 48 Cd 2,8,18, 18,2 Cadmium 49 In 2,8,18, 18,3 Indium 50 Sn 2,8,18, 18,4 Tin 51 Sb 2,8,18, 18,5 Antimony 52 Te 2,8,18, 18,6 Tellurium 53 I 2,8,18, 18,7 Iodine 54 Xe 2,8,18, 18,8 Xenon 55 Cs 2,8,18,18, 8,1 Caesium 56 Ba 2,8,18,18, 8,2 Barium 57 La 2,8,18,18, 9,2 Lanthanum 72 Hf 2,8,18,32, 10,2 Hafnium 73 Ta 2,8,18, 32,11,2 Tantalum 74 W 2,8,18,32, 12,2 Tungsten 75 Re 2,8,18,32, 13,2 Rhenium 76 Os 2,8,18,32, 14,2 Osmium 77 Ir 2,8,18,32, 15,2 Iridium 78 Pt 2,8,18,32, 17,1 Platinum 79 Au 2,8,18, 32,18,1 Gold 80 Hg 2,8,18, 32,18,2 Mercury 81 Tl 2,8,18, 32,18,3 Thallium 82 Pb 2,8,18, 32,18,4 Lead 83 Bi 2,8,18, 32,18,5 Bismuth 84 Po 2,8,18, 32,18,6 Polonium 85 At 2,8,18, 32,18,7 Astatine 86 Rn 2,8,18, 32,18,8 Radon 87 Fr 2,8,18,32, 18,8,1 Francium 88 Ra 2,8,18,32, 18,8,2 Radium 89 Ac 2,8,18,32, 18,9,2 Actinium 104 Rf 2,8,18,32, 32,10,2 Rutherfordium 105 Db 2,8,18,32, 32,11,2 Dubnium 106 Sg 2,8,18,32, 32,12,2 Seaborgium 107 Bh 2,8,18,32, 32,13,2 Bohrium 108 Hs 2,8,18,32, 32,14,2 Hassium 109 Mt 2,8,18,32, 32,15,2 Meitnerium 110 Ds 2,8,18,32, 32,17,1 Darmstadtium 111 Rg 2,8,18,32, 32,18,1 Roentgenium 112 Cn 2,8,18,32, 32,18,2 Copernicium 57 La 2,8,18, 18,9,2 Lanthanum 58 Ce 2,8,18, 20,8,2 Cerium 59 Pr 2,8,18,21, 8,2 Praseodymium 60 Nd 2,8,18,22, 8,2 Neodymium 61 Pm 2,8,18,23, 8,2 Promethium 62 Sm 2,8,18,24, 8,2 Samarium 63 Eu 2,8,18,25, 8,2 Europium 64 Gd 2,8,18,25, 9,2 Gadolinium 65 Tb 2,8,18,27, 8,2 Terbium 66 Dy 2,8,18,28, 8,2 Dysprosium 67 Ho 2,8,18,29, 8,2 Holmium 68 Er 2,8,18,30, 8,2 Erbium 69 Tm 2,8,18,31, 8,2 Thulium 70 Yb 2,8,18,32, 8,2 Ytterbium 71 Lu 2,8,18,32, 9,2 Lutetium 89 Ac 2,8,18,32, 18,9,2 Actinium 90 Th 2,8,18,32, 18,10,2 Thorium 91 Pa 2,8,18,32, 20,9,2 Protactinium 92 U 2,8,18,32, 21,9,2 Uranium 93 Np 2,8,18,32, 22,9,2 Neptunium 94 Pu 2,8,18,32, 24,8,2 Plutonium 95 Am 2,8,18,32, 25,8,2 Americium 96 Cm 2,8,18,32, 25,9,2 Curium 97 Bk 2,8,18,32, 27,8,2 Berkelium 98 Cf 2,8,18,32, 28,8,2 Californium 99 Es 2,8,18,32, 29,8,2 Einsteinium 100 Fm 2,8,18,32, 30,8,2 Fermium 101 Md 2,8,18,32, 31,8,2 Mendelevium 102 No 2,8,18,32, 32,8,2 Nobelium 103 Lr 2,8,18,32, 32,9,2 Lawrencium Lanthanides Actinides