page 10 14. Male long‑billed hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornis longirostris) defend a territory (favoured perch). At the same time, they have to forage successfully for nectar‑producing flowers over great distances. The ability to recall rewarding locations efficiently (spatial memory) allows more time to be spent defending the territory. An experiment was carried out to compare the importance of this spatial memory to the importance of three physical phenotypic traits: body size, bill‑tip length and load‑lifting ability. The importance of each trait was represented by an ‘effect size’. The larger the effect size the greater the effect on its ability to defend a territory. The figure shows the effect size for all four traits. spatial memory body size bill-tip length load- lifting trait effect size −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Key adults adults and juveniles Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data? A There is no difference between adults and juveniles. B The ability to recall the position of nectar‑producing flowers increases the ability to defend a territory. C No conclusion can be drawn as none of the differences in the data are significant. D Adults always have a smaller territory.