Turn over 31 9 In Kenya, an in-situ conservation project has been set up to make paper from elephant dung. This project aims to help conserve elephant populations, conserve biodiversity and help local communities. (a) Paper is produced from cellulose molecules present in elephant dung. The diagram shows part of a cellulose molecule. H O H OH CH2OH H OH H H H O H OH OH CH2OH H H O H X (i) Which of the following is the name of the monomer labelled X on the diagram? (1) A α glucose B β glucose C α ribose D β ribose (ii) Draw one of the products of the hydrolysis of this part of the cellulose molecule. (2) 32 (iii) Explain how the structure of cellulose is adapted for its function in plant cell walls. 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(b) Elephant conservation often involves the setting up of protected areas to stop poaching. Local people are banned from entering these areas. This method of elephant conservation sometimes causes conflict with local people, as elephants can trample and eat crops in nearby farmland. Farmers sometimes burn areas of grassland and forest to stop elephants destroying their farmland. The new paper conservation project encourages local people to make paper from elephant dung they collect from the conservation area. The paper they make is sold at a high price. Conservationists measured the effect of the new paper project on the index of diversity of the area over two years. They also measured the effect of a protected conservation area where local people were banned from entering on the index of diversity. The results are shown in the table. Area Index of diversity At start of project After two years Conservation area with paper project 2.8 3.6 Conservation area where local people are banned from entering 2.4 2.2 Turn over 33 (i) State why calculating an index of diversity is a better measure of biodiversity than counting the number of different species. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Give two advantages of in-situ conservation of elephants compared with ex-situ conservation of elephants. 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(iii) Explain the effect of the new paper project on biodiversity compared with the protected area where local people were banned. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 (c) Describe the limitations of CITES in the conservation of organisms such as elephants. 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(Total for Question 9 = 15 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS 35 BLANK PAGE 36 BLANK PAGE