10 4 A survey was carried out to compare the biodiversity in different areas of a village. The photograph shows a children’s playing field in this village. (a) Quadrats placed in the playing field showed predominantly grass with a few dandelion species, ribbed plantains, yarrow and clover. No animal species were observed. The biodiversity of this playing field was low. (i) Explain the reasons why the biodiversity of this playing field was low. 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Turn over 11 (ii) The photograph shows a path in a woodland nature reserve near the playing field in this village. After surveying the playing field, a survey of the woodland reserve was carried out using the following method: • quadrats were placed at various intervals either side of the path • plant species were counted in the quadrats • animal species were counted at regular intervals along the path. The table shows the results of this survey. Species Number Plant Dock 10 Thistle 10 Hawthorn 6 Wild cherry 2 Hazel 5 Yarrow 5 Animal Meadow brown butterfly 2 Shield bug 4 Beetle 20 Honeybee 20 Dragonfly 4 Spider 5 12 Calculate the biodiversity index for this woodland nature reserve. Use the formula Σ − = − ( 1) ( 1) N N D n n (3) Answer .............................................................. (iii) It was suggested that the biodiversity index calculated from this survey was an underestimate. Criticise the method used in the survey of the woodland nature reserve. 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(b) Honeybees are important pollinators of flowers. Surveys have suggested that butterflies, ladybirds, beetles, flies and dragonflies are also important pollinators of flowers. A recent report has suggested that a large increase in honeybees kept in towns and cities could affect biodiversity. Explain how the increase in honeybees in towns and cities could affect biodiversity. 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(Total for Question 4 = 14 marks)