20 8 The photograph shows an orangutan. These animals inhabit the forests of Borneo and Sumatra. They are critically endangered, largely due to habitat loss and hunting. Managed breeding programmes in zoos are an important factor in the conservation of the orangutan. (a) Explain how breeding programmes in zoos maintain the genetic diversity of captive populations. 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This has been linked to loss of habitat. Deforestation has resulted in the loss of natural habitat. The graph shows the area of forest loss in Borneo from 2001 to 2012. 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 Year Forest loss / thousand ha 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 (i) Calculate the mean rate at which forest was lost between 2010 and 2012. (2) Answer .............................................................. 22 *(ii) Land use has changed over time in Borneo, with areas of forest being removed due to logging. The land may then be used for planting oil palms, which are not a suitable habitat for orangutans. The following comments refer to other issues concerning the conservation of orangutans in Borneo. ● Over the past 100 years, 80% of suitable habitat for orangutans has been lost. ● Only 2% of the remaining forest suitable as orangutan habitat is protected. ● From 1999 to 2015, the orangutan population decreased by 50%. ● Captive‑bred orangutans may spread human diseases into wild populations. ● When captive‑bred orangutans are released, their offspring often die young because the females have not learnt parenting behaviour from older individuals. ● Large numbers of orangutans are hunted in Borneo, even though they are a protected animal. It has been stated that habitat protection is more important than captive breeding programmes for the conservation of orangutans in Borneo. Evaluate this statement. 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(Total for Question 8 = 11 marks)