12 5 Palm plants and cocoa plants are used to produce lipids for the food industry. Palm oil is produced from palm plants. Cocoa butter is produced from cocoa plants. (a) Palm oil and cocoa butter are made of triglycerides composed of different fatty acids. The diagram shows a triglyceride. C O C R1 H O H C O C R1 O H C O C R2 + 3H2O O H C O C R3 H Complete the diagram to show the products of hydrolysis of this triglyceride. (2) (b) The fatty acid compositions of palm oil and cocoa butter are shown in the table. Fatty acid Chemical formula of fatty acid Percentage of fatty acid found in palm oil and cocoa butter (%) Palm oil Cocoa butter palmitic acid C16H32O2 45 27 oleic acid C18H34O2 40 31 linoleic acid C18H32O2 10 3 myristic acid C14H28O2 1 1 stearic acid C18H36O2 4 38 (i) How many of the named fatty acids shown in the table are saturated? (1) A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 13 Turn over (ii) The percentage solid fat content (% SFC) is a measure of how much of a lipid is solid at different temperatures. The graph shows the effect of temperature on the % SFC for palm oil and for cocoa butter. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 15 20 25 30 35 Temperature / ° C palm oil cocoa butter Percentage solid fat content (% SFC) Comment on the effect of temperature on the % SFC of palm oil and of cocoa butter. . (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 (c) Some forests in Borneo have been cleared to grow these plants. Orangutans used to live in forests throughout this island but now they are found in small areas of forest. The map shows the distribution of orangutans in parts of Borneo. N <100 individuals 100–500 individuals 501–1500 individuals >1500 individuals Key (i) Explain why in areas with low populations of orangutans, many of the orangutans have deformities and health problems. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... . 15 Turn over (ii) The Malaysian government is paying local people to create and maintain ‘land-bridges’ of forest to link areas of forest together. Explain why these payments will help to develop palm oil production and support conservation of orangutans. 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(iii) State how treaties such as CITES help conserve orangutans. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 5 = 13 marks) 16 BLANK PAGE