Page 12 23. A species of parasitic wasp (Nasonia vitripennis) lays its eggs in the larvae of flies where the eggs develop. This species displays a behaviour called “superparasitism” where, following the laying of eggs by one wasp, a second wasp may superparasitise the same host by also laying its eggs. Researchers investigated the effects of superparasitism on the brood size and sex ratio of offspring in this species. Results were compared to a control that had been parasitised only once. Researchers were able to distinguish between the offspring of the first and second wasp. Results are shown in the table below. Offspring Degree of parasitism Superparasitism Single parasitism control Wasp 1 Wasp 2 brood size 18 ± 3 17 ± 4 20 ± 2 percentage of males 7 ± 2 22 ± 4 6 ± 1 The following statements refer to the data in the table. 1 Superparasitism significantly increased the percentage of males produced by both wasp 1 and wasp 2. 2 Superparasitism significantly increased the percentage of males produced by wasp 2 only. 3 Superparasitism had no significant effect on brood size. 4 Superparasitism significantly decreased the brood size produced by wasps 1 and 2. Which of these statements are valid conclusions supported by the data? A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4